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Albania
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Introduction ::Albania
Background:
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Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic Communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, each of Albania's post-Communist elections have been marred by claims of electoral fraud. The 2009 general elections resulted in a coalition government, the first such in the country's history. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and is a potential candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, the country is still one of the poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure.
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Geography ::Albania
Location:
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Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece in the south and Montenegro and Kosovo to the north
Geographic coordinates:
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41 00 N, 20 00 E
Map references:
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Europe
Area:
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total: 28,748 sq km
country comparison to the world: 145
land: 27,398 sq km
water: 1,350 sq km
Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
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total: 717 km
border countries: Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Montenegro 172 km, Kosovo 112 km
Coastline:
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362 km
Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:
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mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter
Terrain:
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mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m
Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower
Land use:
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arable land: 21.63%
permanent crops: 2.57%
other: 75.79% (2011)
Irrigated land:
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1,884 sq km (2006)
Total renewable water resources:
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41.7 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 1.311 cu km/yr (43%/18%/39%)
per capita: 413.6 cu m/yr (2006)
Natural hazards:
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destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought
Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents
Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
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strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)
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People and Society ::Albania
Nationality:
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noun: Albanian(s)
adjective: Albanian
Ethnic groups:
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Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb, Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
Languages:
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Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects
Religions:
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Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%
note: percentages are estimates; there are no available current statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice
Population:
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3,011,405 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
Age structure:
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0-14 years: 19.9% (male 316,240/female 282,958)
15-24 years: 19.6% (male 300,977/female 287,976)
25-54 years: 39.7% (male 568,330/female 626,949)
55-64 years: 10% (male 150,665/female 151,068)
65 years and over: 10.8% (male 153,818/female 172,424) (2013 est.)
population pyramid:
Median age:
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total: 30.9 years
male: 29.6 years
female: 32.1 years (2012 est.)
Population growth rate:
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0.28% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
Birth rate:
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12.38 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 158
Death rate:
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6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157
Net migration rate:
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-3.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180
Urbanization:
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urban population: 52% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 2.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major cities - population:
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TIRANA (capital) 433,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.11 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
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27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 127
Infant mortality rate:
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total: 14.12 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 123
male: 15.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 77.59 years
country comparison to the world: 62
male: 74.99 years
female: 80.49 years (2012 est.)
Total fertility rate:
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1.49 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 190
Health expenditures:
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6.6% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 96
Physicians density:
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1.146 physicians/1,000 population (2007)
Hospital bed density:
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2.8 beds/1,000 population (2009)
Drinking water source:
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improved:
urban: 96% of population
rural: 94% of population
total: 95% of population
unimproved:
urban: 4% of population
rural: 6% of population
total: 5% of population (2010 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
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improved:
urban: 95% of population
rural: 93% of population
total: 94% of population
unimproved:
urban: 5% of population
rural: 7% of population
total: 6% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
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6.3% (2009)
country comparison to the world: 79
Education expenditures:
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NA
Literacy:
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definition: age 9 and over can read and write
total population: 98.7%
male: 99.2%
female: 98.3% (2001 census)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 11 years
male: 11 years
female: 11 years (2004)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
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total: 27.2%
country comparison to the world: 25
male: 26.2%
female: 28.3% (2009)
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Government ::Albania
Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Albania
conventional short form: Albania
local long form: Republika e Shqiperise
local short form: Shqiperia
former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Government type:
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parliamentary democracy
Capital:
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name: Tirana (Tirane)
geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 19 49 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:
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12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Berat, Diber, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Korce, Kukes, Lezhe, Shkoder, Tirane, Vlore
Independence:
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28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire)
National holiday:
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Independence Day, 28 November (1912) also known as Flag Day
Constitution:
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approved by parliament 21 October 1998; adopted by popular referendum 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998
Legal system:
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civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the "Code of Leke" prevails
International law organization participation:
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
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chief of state: President of the Republic Bujar NISHANI (since 24 July 2012)
head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by parliament
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: president is elected by the Assembly for a five-year term and is eligible for a second term (a candidate needs a three-fifths majority of the Assembly's 140 votes (84 votes) in one of the first three rounds of voting or a simple majority in round four or five to become president; up to five rounds of voting are held, if necessary); four election rounds held between 30 May and 11 June 2012 (next election to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the party or coalition of parties that has the majority of seats in the Assembly
election results: Bujar NISHANI elected president on fourth round of voting; Assembly vote (for first three rounds three-fifths majority, 84 votes, required; fourth round, a simple majority of votes is required): Bujar NISHANI 73 votes; note - NISHANI took office 24 July 2012
Legislative branch:
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unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi (140 deputies; 100 deputies elected directly in single member electoral zones with an approximate number of voters; 40 deputies elected from multi-name lists of parties or party coalitions according to their respective order; elected for a 4-year term)
elections: last held on 28 June 2009 (next to be held on 23 June 2013)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PD 68, PS 65, LSI 4, other 3
Judicial branch:
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Constitutional Court consists of 9 members appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly who serve 9-year terms (chairman is elected by the People's Assembly for a four-year term); the High Court members appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly for a 9-year term; note - there are also courts of appeal and courts of first instance
Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; New Democracy Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; New Democratic Spirit or FRD [Bamir TOPI]; Party for Justice and Integration or PDI [Shpetim IDRIZ]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskel MILO]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]; Unity for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel DULE]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Red and Black Alliance [Kreshnik SPAHIU]; Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Mjaft Movement [Elton KACIDHJA]; Omonia [Vasil BOLLANO]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]
International organization participation:
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BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EITI (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Gilbert GALANXHI
chancery: 1312 18th Street NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 223-4942
FAX: [1] (202) 628-7342
consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander ARVIZU
embassy: Rruga e Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana
mailing address: US Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510
telephone: [355] (4) 2247285
FAX: [355] (4) 2232222
Flag description:
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red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBEG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-78); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shkypetars," which translates as "sons of the eagle"
National symbol(s):
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double-headed eagle
National anthem:
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name: "Hymni i Flamurit" (Hymn to the Flag)
lyrics/music: Aleksander Stavre DRENOVA/Ciprian PORUMBESCU
note: adopted 1912
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Economy ::Albania
Economy - overview:
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Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is making the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. Macroeconomic growth averaged around 6% between 2004-08, but declined to about 3% in 2009-11, and 0.5% in 2012. Inflation is low and stable. The government has taken measures to curb violent crime, and recently adopted a fiscal reform package aimed at reducing the large gray economy and attracting foreign investment. Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 8% of GDP in 2010, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming because of lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Energy shortages because of a reliance on hydropower - 98% of the electrical power produced in Albania - and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment and lack of success in attracting new foreign investment needed to expand the country's export base. FDI is among the lowest in the region, but the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The completion of a new thermal power plant near Vlore has helped diversify generation capacity, and plans to upgrade transmission lines between Albania and Montenegro and Kosovo would help relieve the energy shortages. Also, with help from EU funds, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth. The country will continue to face challenges from increasing public debt, having slightly exceeded its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2012. Strong trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of the global financial crisis.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$25.86 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
$25.73 billion (2011 est.)
$24.98 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
Albania has an informal, and unreported, sector that may be as large as 50% of official GDP
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$12.39 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
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0.5% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
3% (2011 est.)
3.5% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$8,000 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
$7,800 (2011 est.)
$7,500 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 20.4%
industry: 19.1%
services: 60.5% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
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1.071 million (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 47.8%
industry: 23%
services: 29.2% (September 2010 est.)
Unemployment rate:
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13% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
13.3% (2011 est.)
note: these are official rates, but actual rates may exceed 30% due to preponderance of near-subsistence farming
Population below poverty line:
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12.5% (2008 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 29% (2008)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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34.5 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 89
26.7 (2005)
Investment (gross fixed):
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25.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
Budget:
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revenues: $3.262 billion
expenditures: $3.669 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
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26.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
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-3.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118
Public debt:
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60.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
58.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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2% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
3.5% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
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5% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
5.25% (31 December 2009 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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13.2% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
12.43% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
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$2.677 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
$2.575 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
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$9.951 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107
$9.426 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
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$8.587 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107
$8.408 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$NA
Agriculture - products:
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wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, dairy products; sheep
Industries:
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perfumes and cosmetic products, food and tobacco products; textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower
Industrial production growth rate:
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3% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
Current account balance:
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-$1.45 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
-$1.695 billion (2011 est.)
Exports:
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$2.121 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
$1.954 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
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textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco
Exports - partners:
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Italy 45.3%, China 7.8%, Turkey 6.3%, Greece 5.2%, Spain 5.1%, India 4.6% (2011)
Imports:
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$5.219 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
$5.076 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals
Imports - partners:
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Italy 33%, Greece 12.2%, China 5.9%, Turkey 5.6%, Germany 4.3% (2011)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$2.35 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
$2.473 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
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$5.281 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
$5.188 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
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leke (ALL) per US dollar -
103.3 (2012 est.)
100.9 (2011 est.)
103.94 (2010 est.)
94.98 (2009)
79.546 (2008)
Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Energy ::Albania
Electricity - production:
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5.209 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
Electricity - consumption:
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4.521 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
Electricity - exports:
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1.906 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
Electricity - imports:
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1.005 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
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1.61 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
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9.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
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90.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104
Crude oil - production:
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15,520 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
Crude oil - exports:
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6,920 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
Crude oil - imports:
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
Crude oil - proved reserves:
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199.1 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
Refined petroleum products - production:
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6,377 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
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38,390 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
Refined petroleum products - exports:
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914.5 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112
Refined petroleum products - imports:
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24,610 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Natural gas - production:
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30 million cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
Natural gas - consumption:
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30 million cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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849.5 million cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
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4.893 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
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Communications ::Albania
Telephones - main lines in use:
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338,800 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 111
Telephones - mobile cellular:
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3.1 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 127
Telephone system:
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general assessment: despite new investment in fixed lines teledensity remains low with roughly 10 fixed lines per 100 people; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective
domestic: offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011 multiple companies were providing mobile services and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005 but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital
international: country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2011)
Broadcast media:
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3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2010)
Internet country code:
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.al
Internet hosts:
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15,528 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 124
Internet users:
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1.3 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 91
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Transportation ::Albania
Airports:
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5 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 178
Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2012)
Heliports:
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1 (2012)
Pipelines:
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gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2010)
Railways:
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total: 339 km
country comparison to the world: 117
standard gauge: 339 km 1.435-m gauge (2009)
Roadways:
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total: 18,000 km
country comparison to the world: 115
paved: 7,020 km
unpaved: 10,980 km (2002)
Waterways:
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41 km (on the Bojana River) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 104
Merchant marine:
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total: 17
country comparison to the world: 99
by type: cargo 16, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Turkey 1)
registered in other countries: 5 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Panama 4) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
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Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore
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Military ::Albania
Military branches:
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Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command, Training and Doctrine Command (2012)
Military service age and obligation:
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19 years of age (2004)
Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 731,111
females age 16-49: 780,216 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 622,379
females age 16-49: 660,715 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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male: 31,986
female: 29,533 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
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1.49% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104
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Transnational Issues ::Albania
Disputes - international:
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none
Illicit drugs:
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increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; limited opium and expanding cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens
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