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Angola
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Introduction ::Angola
Background:
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Angola is still rebuilding its country since the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but fighting picked up again in 1993. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people displaced - during the more than a quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and cemented the MPLA's hold on power. President DOS SANTOS pushed through a new constitution in 2010; elections held in 2012 saw him installed as president.
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Geography ::Angola
Location:
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Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo
Geographic coordinates:
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12 30 S, 18 30 E
Map references:
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Africa
Area:
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total: 1,246,700 sq km
country comparison to the world: 23
land: 1,246,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:
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slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
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total: 5,198 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province), Republic of the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zambia 1,110 km
Coastline:
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1,600 km
Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:
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semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Terrain:
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narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m
Natural resources:
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petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
Land use:
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arable land: 3.29%
permanent crops: 0.23%
other: 96.48% (2011)
Irrigated land:
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855.3 sq km (2005)
Total renewable water resources:
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148 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 0.706 cu km/yr (45%/34%/21%)
per capita: 40.27 cu m/yr (2005)
Natural hazards:
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locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau
Environment - current issues:
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overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water
Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
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the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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People and Society ::Angola
Nationality:
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noun: Angolan(s)
adjective: Angolan
Ethnic groups:
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Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Languages:
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Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
Religions:
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indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (1998 est.)
Population:
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18,565,269 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
Age structure:
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0-14 years: 43.5% (male 4,121,500/female 3,961,484)
15-24 years: 20.3% (male 1,922,114/female 1,855,689)
25-54 years: 29.2% (male 2,734,128/female 2,692,449)
55-64 years: 4% (male 358,337/female 378,231)
65 years and over: 2.9% (male 250,388/female 290,949) (2013 est.)
population pyramid:
Median age:
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total: 17.7 years
male: 17.5 years
female: 17.9 years (2012 est.)
Population growth rate:
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2.784% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Birth rate:
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39.36 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
Death rate:
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12.06 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
Net migration rate:
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0.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
Urbanization:
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urban population: 59% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major cities - population:
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LUANDA (capital) 4.511 million; Huambo 979,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
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450 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 24
Infant mortality rate:
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total: 83.53 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 8
male: 87.39 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 79.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 54.59 years
country comparison to the world: 202
male: 53.49 years
female: 55.73 years (2012 est.)
Total fertility rate:
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5.49 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
Health expenditures:
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2.9% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 180
Physicians density:
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0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2004)
Hospital bed density:
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0.8 beds/1,000 population (2005)
Drinking water source:
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improved:
urban: 60% of population
rural: 38% of population
total: 51% of population
unimproved:
urban: 40% of population
rural: 62% of population
total: 49% of population (2010 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
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improved:
urban: 85% of population
rural: 19% of population
total: 58% of population
unimproved:
urban: 15% of population
rural: 81% of population
total: 42% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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2% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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200,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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11,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
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15.6% (2007)
country comparison to the world: 50
Education expenditures:
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3.5% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 127
Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 70.1%
male: 82.7%
female: 58.1% (2010 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 9 years (2006)
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Government ::Angola
Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Angola
conventional short form: Angola
local long form: Republica de Angola
local short form: Angola
former: People's Republic of Angola
Government type:
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republic; multiparty presidential regime
Capital:
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name: Luanda
geographic coordinates: 8 50 S, 13 13 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
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18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Kwando Kubango, Kwanza Norte, Kwanza Sul, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire
Independence:
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11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday:
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Independence Day, 11 November (1975)
Constitution:
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adopted by National Assembly 5 February 2010
Legal system:
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civil legal system based on Portuguese civil law; no judicial review of legislation
International law organization participation:
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); Vice President Manuel Domingos VICENTE (since 26 September 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); Vice President Manuel Domingos VICENTE (since 26 September 2012)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: president indirectly elected by National Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) under the 2010 constitution; note - according to the 2010 constitution, ballots are cast for parties rather than candidates, the leader of the party with the most votes becomes president; following the results of the 2012 legislative elections DOS SANTOS became president (eligible for a second term)
election results: NA; as leader of the MPLA, Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS became pesident following legislative elections on 31 August 2012; DOS SANTOS was inaugurated on 26 September 2012 to serve the first of a possible two terms under the 2010 constitution
Legislative branch:
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unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats; members elected by proportional vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 31 August 2012 (next to be held in 2017)
election results: percent of vote by party - MPLA 71.8%, UNITA 18.7%, CASA-CE 6.0%, PRS 1.7%, FNLA 1.1%, other 0.8%; seats by party - MPLA 175, UNITA 32, CASA-CE 8, PRS 3, FNLA 2
Judicial branch:
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Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional; Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo; Fiscal Court or Tribunal de Contas; Supreme Military Court or Supremo Tribunal Militar; judges for all courts appointed by the president
Political parties and leaders:
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Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola Electoral Coalition or CASA-CE [Abel CHIVUKUVUKU]; National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [Lucas NGONDA]; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest opposition party); Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] (ruling party in power since 1975); Social Renewal Party or PRS [Eduardo KUANGANA]
note: 4 other parties qualified to participate in the national election in August 2012
Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO]
note: FLEC's small-scale armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province persists despite the signing of a peace accord with the government in August 2006; Several factions of FLEC have broken off over the past 30 years, including the FLEC-PM [Rodrigues Mingas], which was responsible for a deadly attack on the Togolese soccer team in 2010
International organization participation:
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ACP, AfDB, AU, CPLP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OPEC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Alberto do Carmo BENTO RIBEIRO
chancery: 2108 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 785-1156
FAX: [1] (202) 822-9049
consulate(s) general: Houston, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher J. MCMULLEN
embassy: number 32 Rua Houari Boumedienne (in the Miramar area of Luanda), Luanda
mailing address: international mail: Caixa Postal 6468, Luanda; pouch: US Embassy Luanda, US Department of State, 2550 Luanda Place, Washington, DC 20521-2550
telephone: [244] (222) 64-1000
FAX: [244] (222) 64-1232
Flag description:
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two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty, black the African continent, the symbols characterize workers and peasants
National symbol(s):
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Palanca Negra Gigante (giant black sable antelope)
National anthem:
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name: "Angola Avante" (Forward Angola)
lyrics/music: Manuel Rui Alves MONTEIRO/Rui Alberto Vieira Dias MINGAO
note: adopted 1975
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Economy ::Angola
Economy - overview:
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Angola's high growth rate in recent years was driven by high international prices for its oil. Angola became a member of OPEC in late 2006 and its current assigned a production quota of 1.65 million barrels a day (bbl/day). Oil production and its supporting activities contribute about 85% of GDP. Diamond exports contribute an additional 5%. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for most of the people, but half of the country's food is still imported. Increased oil production supported growth averaging more than 17% per year from 2004 to 2008. A postwar reconstruction boom and resettlement of displaced persons has led to high rates of growth in construction and agriculture as well. Much of the country's infrastructure is still damaged or undeveloped from the 27-year-long civil war. Land mines left from the war still mar the countryside, even though peace was established after the death of rebel leader Jonas SAVIMBI in February 2002. Since 2005, the government has used billions of dollars in credit lines from China, Brazil, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the EU to rebuild Angola's public infrastructure. The global recession that started in 2008 temporarily stalled economic growth. Lower prices for oil and diamonds during the global recession slowed GDP growth to 2.4% in 2009, and many construction projects stopped because Luanda accrued $9 billion in arrears to foreign construction companies when government revenue fell in 2008 and 2009. Angola abandoned its currency peg in 2009, and in November 2009 signed onto an IMF Stand-By Arrangement loan of $1.4 billion to rebuild international reserves. Consumer inflation declined from 325% in 2000 to about 10% in 2012. Higher oil prices have helped Angola turn a budget deficit of 8.6% of GDP in 2009 into an surplus of 12% of GDP in 2012. Corruption, especially in the extractive sectors, also is a major challenge.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$126.2 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
$118.1 billion (2011 est.)
$113.7 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$114.8 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
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6.8% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
3.9% (2011 est.)
3.4% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$6,200 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
$6,000 (2011 est.)
$6,000 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 10.2%
industry: 61.4%
services: 28.4% (2011 est.)
Labor force:
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8.468 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 85%
industry and services: 15% (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate:
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NA
Population below poverty line:
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40.5% (2006 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 0.6%
highest 10%: 44.7% (2000)
Investment (gross fixed):
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13.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
Budget:
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revenues: $56.07 billion
expenditures: $42.26 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
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48.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
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12% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
Public debt:
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17.1% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
18.1% of GDP (2011 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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10.3% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 200
13.5% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
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25% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
30% (31 December 2009 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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16% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
18.76% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
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$12.93 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
$11.58 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
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$44.65 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
$36.55 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
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$27.12 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
$22.18 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Agriculture - products:
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bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, cassava (manioc), tobacco, vegetables, plantains; livestock; forest products; fish
Industries:
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petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar; textiles; ship repair
Industrial production growth rate:
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5% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
Current account balance:
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$17.09 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
$15.92 billion (2011 est.)
Exports:
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$71.95 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$65.8 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
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crude oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton
Exports - partners:
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China 36.3%, US 18.5%, India 10.6%, Taiwan 8%, Canada 6.9% (2012 est.)
Imports:
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$22.32 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
$19.75 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
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machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts; medicines, food, textiles, military goods
Imports - partners:
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China 36.3%, Portugal 16.5%, South Korea 11.3%, Netherlands 9%, China 8.8%, US 8.1%, South Africa 4.9%, Brazil 4.5%, France 4.2% (2012 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$34.63 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
$27.01 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
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$19.65 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
$18.78 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$115.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
$101.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$8.196 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
$6.346 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
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kwanza (AOA) per US dollar -
95.54 (2012 est.)
93.741 (2011 est.)
91.906 (2010 est.)
79.33 (2009)
75.023 (2008)
Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Energy ::Angola
Electricity - production:
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4.08 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
Electricity - consumption:
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3.659 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
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1.155 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
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56.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
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43.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
Crude oil - production:
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1.84 million bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Crude oil - exports:
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1.757 million bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
Crude oil - imports:
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153
Crude oil - proved reserves:
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15 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16
Refined petroleum products - production:
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37,310 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
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79,430 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
Refined petroleum products - exports:
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31,050 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
Refined petroleum products - imports:
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41,480 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
Natural gas - production:
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734 million cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Natural gas - consumption:
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733 million cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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310 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
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24.2 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
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Communications ::Angola
Telephones - main lines in use:
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303,200 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 115
Telephones - mobile cellular:
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9.491 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 78
Telephone system:
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general assessment: limited system; state-owned telecom had monopoly for fixed-lines until 2005; demand outstripped capacity, prices were high, and services poor; Telecom Namibia, through an Angolan company, became the first private licensed operator in Angola's fixed-line telephone network; by 2010, the number of fixed-line providers had expanded to 5; Angola Telecom established mobile-cellular service in Luanda in 1993 and the network has been extended to larger towns; a privately-owned, mobile-cellular service provider began operations in 2001
domestic: only about two fixed-lines per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 50 telephones per 100 persons in 2011
international: country code - 244; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 29 (2009)
Broadcast media:
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state controls all broadcast media with nationwide reach; state-owned Televisao Popular de Angola (TPA) provides terrestrial TV service on 2 channels; a third TPA channel is available via cable and satellite; TV subscription services are available; state-owned Radio Nacional de Angola (RNA) broadcasts on 5 stations; about a half dozen private radio stations broadcast locally (2008)
Internet country code:
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.ao
Internet hosts:
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20,703 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 116
Internet users:
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606,700 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 114
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Transportation ::Angola
Airports:
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176 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 33
Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 30
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 146
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 31
914 to 1,523 m: 66
under 914 m: 43 (2012)
Heliports:
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1 (2012)
Pipelines:
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gas 2 km; oil 87 km (2010)
Railways:
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total: 2,764 km
country comparison to the world: 59
narrow gauge: 2,641 km 1.067-m gauge; 123 km 0.600-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:
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total: 51,429 km
country comparison to the world: 78
paved: 5,349 km
unpaved: 46,080 km (2001)
Waterways:
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1,300 km (2011)
country comparison to the world: 56
Merchant marine:
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total: 7
country comparison to the world: 123
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Spain 1)
registered in other countries: 17 (Bahamas 6, Curacao 2, Cyprus 1, Liberia 1, Malta 7) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
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Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Namibe
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Military ::Angola
Military branches:
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Angolan Armed Forces (Forcas Armadas Angolanas, FAA): Army, Navy (Marinha de Guerra Angola, MGA), Angolan National Air Force (Forca Aerea Nacional Angolana, FANA; under operational control of the Army) (2012)
Military service age and obligation:
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20-45 years of age for compulsory male and 18-45 years for voluntary male military service (registration at age 18 is mandatory); 20-45 years of age for voluntary female service; conscript service obligation - 2 years; Angolan citizenship required; the Navy (MGA) is entirely staffed with volunteers (2013)
Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 3,062,438
females age 16-49: 2,964,262 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 1,546,781
females age 16-49: 1,492,308 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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male: 155,476
female: 152,054 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
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3% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 40
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Transnational Issues ::Angola
Disputes - international:
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Democratic Republic of Congo accuses Angola of shifting monuments
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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refugees (country of origin): 13,364 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2012)
IDPs: 19,500 (27-year civil war ending in 2002) (2005)
Illicit drugs:
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used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for Western Europe and other African states, particularly South Africa
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