>> >> Bermuda

City List

Search for your next freelancer or independent contractor by city from Bermuda country. Upfreelance.com searches the Internet for software developers, Internet developers, website designers, marketing consultants and sales and marketing that are available to work on your project.
Bermuda
(CONTAIN DESCRIPTION)
CLICK MAP TO ENLARGE
Introduction ::Burma
Background:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Various ethnic Burmese and ethnic minority city-states or kingdoms occupied the present borders through the 19th century. Over a period of 62 years (1824-1886), Britain conquered Burma and incorporated the country into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; in 1948, Burma attained independence from the Commonwealth. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and later as political kingpin. In response to widespread civil unrest, NE WIN resigned in 1988, but within months the military crushed student-led protests and took power. Multiparty legislative elections in 1990 resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory. Instead of handing over power, the junta placed NLD leader (and Nobel Peace Prize recipient) AUNG SAN SUU KYI (ASSK) under house arrest from 1989 to 1995, 2000 to 2002, and from May 2003 to November 2010. In late September 2007, the ruling junta brutally suppressed protests over increased fuel prices led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks, killing at least 13 people and arresting thousands for participating in the demonstrations. In early May 2008, Burma was struck by Cyclone Nargis, which left over 138,000 dead and tens of thousands injured and homeless. Despite this tragedy, the junta proceeded with its May constitutional referendum, the first vote in Burma since 1990. Parliamentary elections held in November 2010, considered flawed by many in the international community, saw the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party garner over 75% of the seats. Parliament convened in January 2011 and selected former Prime Minister THEIN SEIN as president. Although the vast majority of national-level appointees named by THEIN SEIN are former or current military officers, the government has initiated a series of political and economic reforms leading to a substantial opening of the long-isolated country. These reforms have included allowing ASSK to contest parliamentary by-elections on 1 April 2012, releasing hundreds of political prisoners, reaching preliminary peace agreements with 10 of the 11 major armed ethnic groups, enacting laws that provide better protections for basic human rights, and gradually reducing restrictions on freedom of the press, association, and civil society. At least due in part to these reforms, ASSK now serves as an elected Member of Parliament and chair of the Committee for Rule of Law and Tranquility. Most political parties have begun building their institutions in preparation for the next round of general elections in 2015. The country is preparing to chair the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2014.
Back to Top
Geography ::Burma
Location:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
Geographic coordinates:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
22 00 N, 98 00 E
Map references:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Southeast Asia
Area:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 676,578 sq km
country comparison to the world: 40
land: 653,508 sq km
water: 23,070 sq km
Area - comparative:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 5,876 km
border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
Coastline:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1,930 km
Maritime claims:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
Terrain:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
Elevation extremes:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m
highest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m
Natural resources:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower
Land use:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
arable land: 15.94%
permanent crops: 2.16%
other: 81.89% (2011)
Irrigated land:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
21,100 sq km (2004)
Total renewable water resources:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1,168 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 33.23 cu km/yr (10%/1%/89%)
per capita: 728.6 cu m/yr (2005)
Natural hazards:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts
Environment - current issues:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease
Environment - international agreements:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
Back to Top
People and Society ::Burma
Nationality:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
noun: Burmese (singular and plural)
adjective: Burmese
Ethnic groups:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Languages:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Burmese (official)
note: minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Religions:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2%
Population:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
55,167,330 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
Age structure:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0-14 years: 26.7% (male 7,514,233/female 7,227,893)
15-24 years: 18.6% (male 5,183,653/female 5,060,385)
25-54 years: 42.8% (male 11,724,297/female 11,879,420)
55-64 years: 6.7% (male 1,754,397/female 1,963,051)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 1,244,758/female 1,615,243) (2013 est.)
population pyramid:
Median age:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 27.2 years
male: 26.7 years
female: 27.8 years (2012 est.)
Population growth rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1.07% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
Birth rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
19.11 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
Death rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
8.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
Net migration rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
Urbanization:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
urban population: 34% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 2.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major cities - population:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
RANGOON (capital) 4.259 million; Mandalay 1.009 million; Nay Pyi Taw 992,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
200 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 52
Infant mortality rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 47.74 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 46
male: 54.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 40.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total population: 65.24 years
country comparison to the world: 168
male: 62.91 years
female: 67.71 years (2012 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
2.21 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
Health expenditures:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
2% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 190
Physicians density:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0.457 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
Hospital bed density:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0.6 beds/1,000 population (2006)
Drinking water source:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
improved:
urban: 93% of population
rural: 78% of population
total: 83% of population
unimproved:
urban: 7% of population
rural: 22% of population
total: 17% of population (2010 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
improved:
urban: 83% of population
rural: 73% of population
total: 76% of population
unimproved:
urban: 17% of population
rural: 27% of population
total: 24% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0.6% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
240,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
18,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Major infectious diseases:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
22.6% (2010)
country comparison to the world: 26
Education expenditures:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0.8% of GDP (2011)
country comparison to the world: 172
Literacy:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 89.9%
male: 93.9%
female: 86.4% (2006 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 9 years (2007)
Back to Top
Government ::Burma
Country name:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
conventional long form: Union of Burma
conventional short form: Burma
local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)
local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw
former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma as well as the current parliamentary government have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not adopted the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw
Government type:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
parliamentary government took power in March 2011
Capital:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
name: Rangoon (Yangon)
geographic coordinates: 16 48 N, 96 09 E
time difference: UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
note: Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital
Administrative divisions:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
7 regions (taing-myar, singular - taing) and 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne)
regions: Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Taninthayi, Yangon
states: Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine (Arakan), Shan
union territory: Nay Pyi Taw
Independence:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
4 January 1948 (from the UK)
National holiday:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)
Constitution:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
approved by referendum 29 May 2008; reformed by a series of acts in 2011
Legal system:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
mixed legal system of English common law (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial India) and customary law
International law organization participation:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Suffrage:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chief of state: President THEIN SEIN (since 4 February 2011); Vice President SAI MOUK KHAM (since 3 February 2011); Vice President NYAN HTUN (since 15 August 2012)
head of government: President THEIN SEIN (since 4 February 2011)
cabinet: cabinet is appointed by the president and confirmed by the parliament
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: THEIN SEIN elected president by the parliament from among three vice presidents; the upper house, the lower house, and military members of the parliament each nominate one vice president (president serves a five-year term)
Legislative branch:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
bicameral, consists of the House of Nationalities [Amyotha Hluttaw] (224 seats, 168 directly elected and 56 appointed by the military; members serve five-year terms) and the House of Representatives [Pythu Hluttaw] (440 seats, 330 directly elected and 110 appointed by the military; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 7 November 2010 (next to be held in December 2015)
election results: House of Nationalities - percent of vote by party - USDP 74.8%, others (NUP, SNDP, RNDP, NDF, AMRDP) 25.2%; seats by party - USDP 129, others 39; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - USDP 79.6%, others (NUP, SNDP, RNDP, NDF, AMRDP) 20.4%; seats by party - USDP 259, others 71
Judicial branch:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive; the 2011 constitution calls for a Supreme Court, a Courts-Martial, and a Constitutional Tribunal of the Union
Political parties and leaders:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
All Mon Region Democracy Party or AMRDP [NAING NGWE THEIN]; National Democratic Force or NDF [KHIN MAUNG SWE, Dr.THAN NYEIN]; National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SAN SUU KYI]; National Unity Party or NUP [TUN YE]; Rakhine Nationalities Development Party or RNDP [Dr. AYE MG]; Shan Nationalities Democratic Party [SAI AIKE PAUNG]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Party or USDP [SHWE MANN, HTAY OO]; numerous smaller parties
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Thai border: Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC; Federation of Trade Unions-Burma or FTUB (exile trade union and labor advocates); National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government in exile); National Council-Union of Burma or NCUB (exile coalition of opposition groups); United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC)
Inside Burma: Kachin Independence Organization or KIO; Karen National Union or KNU; Karenni National People's Party or KNPP; United Wa State Army or UWSA; 88 Generation Students (pro-democracy movement); several other Chin, Karen, Mon, and Shan factions
note: freedom of expression has been highly restricted in Burma; the restrictions are being relaxed by the government; political groups, other than parties approved by the government, are limited in number
International organization participation:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
ADB, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chief of mission: Ambassador THAN SWE
chancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-3344
FAX: [1] (202) 332-4351
consulate(s) general: none; Burma has a Mission to the UN in New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chief of mission: Ambassador Derek J. MITCHELL
embassy: 110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon
mailing address: Box B, APO AP 96546
telephone: [95] (1) 536-509, 535-756, 538-038
FAX: [95] (1) 511-069
Flag description:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation
National symbol(s):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chinthe (mythical lion)
National anthem:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
name: "Kaba Ma Kyei" (Till the End of the World, Myanmar)
lyrics/music: SAYA TIN
note: adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work
Back to Top
Economy ::Burma
Economy - overview:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Burma is a resource-rich country but still suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, corruption, and rural poverty. Burma is the poorest country in Southeast Asia; approximately 32% of the population lives in poverty. Corruption is prevalent and significant resources are concentrated in the extractive industries are concentrated in a few hands. The Burmese government has initiated notable economic reforms. In October 2011, 11 private banks were allowed to trade foreign currency. On April 2, 2012, Burma's multiple exchange rates were abolished and the Central Bank of Myanmar established a managed float of the Burmese kyat. In November 2012, President THEIN SEIN signed a new Foreign Investment Law. Despite these reforms, the Burmese government has not yet embarked on broad-based macro-economic reforms or addressed key impediments to economic development such as Burma's opaque revenue collection system. Key benchmarks of economic progress would include steps to ensure the independence of the Central Bank, provide budget allocation for social services, and enact laws to protect intellectual and real property. In recent years, foreign investors have shied away from nearly every sector except for natural gas, power generation, timber, and mining. The exploitation of natural resources does not benefit the population at large. The most productive sectors will continue to be in extractive industries - especially oil and gas, mining, and timber - with the latter two causing significant environmental degradation. Other areas, such as manufacturing, tourism, and services, struggle in the face of poor infrastructure, unpredictable trade policies, undeveloped human resources (the result of neglected health and education systems), endemic corruption, and inadequate access to capital for investment. The US initially imposed sanctions on Burma in response to the 1988 military crackdown and the regime's refusal to honor the democratic opposition National League for Democray's 1990 landslide election victory under the leadership of AUNG SAN SUU KYI. In 2003, the US moved from broad-based to more targeted sanctions. In July 2012, as a result of reforms undertaken by President THEIN SEIN and his nominally civilian government, the US broadly eased restrictions on new investment in and the export of financial services to Burma. In November 2012, the US eased the import bank on Burmese products to the US with the exception of jadeite and rubies. Although the Burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, significant improvements in economic governance, the business climate, and the political situation are needed to promote serious foreign investment.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$89.23 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
$84.02 billion (2011 est.)
$79.67 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$54.05 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
6.2% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
5.5% (2011 est.)
5.3% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$1,400 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 205
$1,300 (2011 est.)
$1,300 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
agriculture: 38.8%
industry: 19.3%
services: 41.8% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
33.41 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 19
Labor force - by occupation:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
agriculture: 70%
industry: 7%
services: 23% (2001)
Unemployment rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5.4% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
5.5% (2011 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
32.7% (2007 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)
Investment (gross fixed):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
16.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
Budget:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
revenues: $2.234 billion
expenditures: $4.414 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
4.1% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 215
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
-4% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
3.1% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
5% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
9.95% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16
12% (31 December 2009 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
13% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
16.33% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$9.965 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
$8.652 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$15.66 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
$11.83 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$NA
Agriculture - products:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; fish and fish products; hardwood
Industries:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments, jade and gems
Industrial production growth rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
4.3% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Current account balance:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
-$891.2 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
$96.1 million (2011 est.)
Exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$8.529 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
$8.196 billion (2011 est.)
note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh
Exports - commodities:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
natural gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice, clothing, jade and gems
Exports - partners:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Thailand 36.7%, China 18.8%, India 14.1%, Japan 6.6% (2011)
Imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$7.137 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
$5.982 billion (2011 est.)
note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India
Imports - commodities:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
fabric, petroleum products, fertilizer, plastics, machinery, transport equipment; cement, construction materials, crude oil; food products, edible oil
Imports - partners:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
China 38.8%, Thailand 22.6%, Singapore 9.7%, South Korea 5.4%, Malaysia 4.5%, Japan 4.1% (2011)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$4.107 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
$3.931 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$5.448 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
$5.804 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
kyats (MMK) per US dollar -
867.6 (2012 est.)
815 (2011 est.)
5.58 (2010 est.)
1,055 (2009)
1,205 (2008)
Fiscal year:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1 April - 31 March
Back to Top
Energy ::Burma
Electricity - production:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5.708 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
Electricity - consumption:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
3.794 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
Electricity - exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167
Electricity - imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1.86 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
67.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
32.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112
Crude oil - production:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
20,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
Crude oil - exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
880 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
Crude oil - imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
Crude oil - proved reserves:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
50 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
Refined petroleum products - production:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
16,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
40,620 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
Refined petroleum products - exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
Refined petroleum products - imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
12,730 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
Natural gas - production:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
12.1 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
Natural gas - consumption:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
3.29 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
Natural gas - exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
8.81 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
Natural gas - imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
283.2 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
12.8 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Back to Top
Communications ::Burma
Telephones - main lines in use:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
521,100 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 96
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1.244 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 151
Telephone system:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
general assessment: meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government
domestic: system barely capable of providing basic service; mobile-cellular phone system is grossly underdeveloped
international: country code - 95; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and ShinSat (2011)
Broadcast media:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
government controls all domestic broadcast media; 2 state-controlled TV stations with 1 of the stations controlled by the armed forces; 2 pay-TV stations are joint state-private ventures; access to satellite TV is limited; 1 state-controlled domestic radio station and 9 FM stations that are joint state-private ventures; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in parts of Burma; the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Asia (RFA), BBC Burmese service, the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), and Radio Australia use shortwave to broadcast in Burma; VOA, RFA, and DVB produce daily TV news programs that are transmitted by satellite to audiences in Burma
Internet country code:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
.mm
Internet hosts:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1,055 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 172
Internet users:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
110,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 158
Back to Top
Transportation ::Burma
Airports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
74 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 73
Airports - with paved runways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 36
over 3,047 m: 12
2,438 to 3,047 m: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
under 914 m: 1 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 38
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 23 (2012)
Heliports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
9 (2012)
Pipelines:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
gas 3,046 km; oil 551 km (2010)
Railways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 5,031 km
country comparison to the world: 36
narrow gauge: 5,031 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 34,377 km (includes 358 km of expressways) (2010)
country comparison to the world: 94
Waterways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
12,800 km (2011)
country comparison to the world: 10
Merchant marine:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 29
country comparison to the world: 86
by type: cargo 22, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 3, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Germany 1, Japan 1)
registered in other countries: 3 (Panama 3) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Moulmein, Rangoon, Sittwe
Back to Top
Military ::Burma
Military branches:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw): Army (Tatmadaw Kyi), Navy (Tatmadaw Yay), Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay) (2013)
Military service age and obligation:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for compulsory military service; service obligation 2 years; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency; Burma signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on 15 August 1991; on 27 June 2012, the regime signed a Joint Action Plan on prevention of child recruitment; in February 2013, the military formed a new task force to address force child conscription (2013)
Manpower available for military service:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
males age 16-49: 14,747,845
females age 16-49: 14,710,871 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
males age 16-49: 10,451,515
females age 16-49: 11,181,537 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
male: 522,478
female: 506,388 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
4.8% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 17
Back to Top
Transnational Issues ::Burma
Disputes - international:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; the Naf river on the border with Bangladesh serves as a smuggling and illegal transit route; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 29,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border with Bangladesh in 2010; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; fencing along the India-Burma international border at Manipur's Moreh town is in progress to check illegal drug trafficking and movement of militants; 140,000 mostly Karen refugees fleeing civil strife, political upheaval and economic stagnation in Burma live in remote camps in Thailand near the border
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
IDPs: more than 454,200 (government offensives against armed ethnic minority groups near its borders with China and Thailand) (2012)
Trafficking in persons:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
current situation: Burma is a source country for women, children, and men trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; Burmese women and children are trafficked to East and Southeast Asia for commercial sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, and forced labor; Burmese children are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Thailand as hawkers and beggars; women are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation to Malaysia and China; some trafficking victims transit Burma from Bangladesh to Malaysia and from China to Thailand; Burma's internal trafficking remains the most serious concern occurring primarily from villages to urban centers and economic hubs for labor in industrial zones, agricultural estates, and commercial sexual exploitation; the Burmese military continues to engage in the unlawful conscription of child soldiers, and continues to be the main perpetrator of forced labor inside Burma; a small number of foreign pedophiles occasionally exploit Burmese children in the country
tier rating: Tier 3 - the driving factors behind Burma's significant trafficking problem are the regime's gross economic mismanagement and human rights abuses, the military's continued widespread use of forced and child labor, and the recruitment of child soldiers; although the government of Burma has taken some steps to address cross-border sex trafficking, it has not demonstrated serious and sustained efforts to clamp down on military and local authorities who are themselves deriving economic benefit from forced labor practices (2010)
Illicit drugs:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
world's third largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2009 of 250 metric tons, a decrease of 27%, and poppy cultivation in 2009 totaled 17,000 hectares, a 24% decrease from 2008; production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94.5% of Burma's poppy cultivation; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption (2008)
Back to Top