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Equatorial Guinea
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Introduction ::Equatorial Guinea
Background:
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Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968 after 190 years of Spanish rule. This tiny country, composed of a mainland portion plus five inhabited islands, is one of the smallest on the African continent. President Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO has ruled the country since 1979 when he seized power in a coup. Although nominally a constitutional democracy since 1991, the 1996, 2002, and 2009 presidential elections - as well as the 1999, 2004, and 2008 legislative elections - were widely seen as flawed. The president exerts almost total control over the political system and has discouraged political opposition. Equatorial Guinea has experienced rapid economic growth due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves, and in the last decade has become Sub-Saharan Africa's third largest oil exporter. Despite the country's economic windfall from oil production, resulting in a massive increase in government revenue in recent years, improvements in the population's living standards have been slow to develop.
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Geography ::Equatorial Guinea
Location:
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Central Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Cameroon and Gabon
Geographic coordinates:
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2 00 N, 10 00 E
Map references:
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Africa
Area:
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total: 28,051 sq km
country comparison to the world: 146
land: 28,051 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
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total: 539 km
border countries: Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km
Coastline:
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296 km
Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:
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tropical; always hot, humid
Terrain:
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coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico Basile 3,008 m
Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas, timber, gold, bauxite, diamonds, tantalum, sand and gravel, clay
Land use:
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arable land: 4.63%
permanent crops: 2.5%
other: 92.87% (2011)
Irrigated land:
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NA
Total renewable water resources:
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26 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 0.017 cu km/yr (80%/15%/5%)
per capita: 31.41 cu m/yr (2005)
Natural hazards:
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violent windstorms; flash floods
volcanism: Santa Isabel (elev. 3,007 m), which last erupted in 1923, is the country's only historically active volcano; Santa Isabel, along with two dormant volcanoes, form Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea
Environment - current issues:
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tap water is not potable; deforestation
Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
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insular and continental regions widely separated
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People and Society ::Equatorial Guinea
Nationality:
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noun: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s)
adjective: Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean
Ethnic groups:
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Fang 85.7%, Bubi 6.5%, Mdowe 3.6%, Annobon 1.6%, Bujeba 1.1%, other 1.4% (1994 census)
Languages:
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Spanish (official) 67.6%, other (includes French (official), Fang, Bubi) 32.4% (1994 census)
Religions:
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nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic, pagan practices
Population:
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704,001 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
Age structure:
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0-14 years: 41% (male 146,797/female 142,034)
15-24 years: 19.4% (male 69,547/female 67,096)
25-54 years: 31.3% (male 109,062/female 111,489)
55-64 years: 4.2% (male 12,647/female 16,708)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 12,163/female 16,458) (2013 est.)
population pyramid:
Median age:
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total: 19.2 years
male: 18.7 years
female: 19.7 years (2012 est.)
Population growth rate:
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2.607% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Birth rate:
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34.88 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
Death rate:
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8.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Urbanization:
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urban population: 40% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 3.1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major cities - population:
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MALABO (capital) 128,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
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240 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 46
Infant mortality rate:
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total: 75.18 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 14
male: 76.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 74.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 62.75 years
country comparison to the world: 181
male: 61.75 years
female: 63.78 years (2012 est.)
Total fertility rate:
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4.74 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Health expenditures:
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4.5% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 151
Physicians density:
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0.3 physicians/1,000 population (2004)
Hospital bed density:
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2.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)
Drinking water source:
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improved:
urban: 45% of population
rural: 42% of population
total: 43% of population
unimproved:
urban: 55% of population
rural: 58% of population
total: 57% of population (2000 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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5% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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20,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever
animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
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10.6% (2004)
country comparison to the world: 67
Education expenditures:
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0.6% of GDP (2003)
country comparison to the world: 173
Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.9%
male: 97.1%
female: 90.6% (2010 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 8 years
male: 9 years
female: 7 years (2002)
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Government ::Equatorial Guinea
Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
conventional short form: Equatorial Guinea
local long form: Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial/Republique de Guinee equatoriale
local short form: Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinee equatoriale
former: Spanish Guinea
Government type:
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republic
Capital:
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name: Malabo
geographic coordinates: 3 45 N, 8 47 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
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7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas
Independence:
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12 October 1968 (from Spain)
National holiday:
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Independence Day, 12 October (1968)
Constitution:
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approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995 and November 2011
Legal system:
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mixed system of civil and customary law
International law organization participation:
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (since 3 August 1979 when he seized power in a military coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Vicente Ehate TOMI (since 22 May 2012)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (two term limits); election last held on 29 November 2009 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president; note - according to the constitutional referendum on November 2011, elections are to be held in 2015 and the presidency is limited to two terms
election results: Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected president; percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO 95.8%, Placido Mico ABOGO 3.6%
Legislative branch:
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unicameral House of People's Representatives or Camara de Representantes del Pueblo (100 seats; members directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 4 May 2008 (next to be held in 26 May 2013)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDGE 89, EC 10, CPDS 1
note: note - Parliament has little power since the constitution vests all executive authority in the president; the constitutional referendum of 2011 calls for a bicameral legislature to be formed following the May 2013 elections; the newly formed Senate will consist of elected and appointed (by the President) members
Judicial branch:
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Supreme Tribunal
Political parties and leaders:
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Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Placido MICO Abogo]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO] (ruling party); Electoral Coalition or EC; Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Avelino MOCACHE]; Popular Union or UP [Daniel MARTINEZ Ayecaba]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
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ASODEGUE (Madrid-based pressure group for democratic reform); EG Justice (US-based anti-corruption group)
International organization participation:
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ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, CPLP (associate), FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Purificacion ANGUE ONDO
chancery: 2020 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 518-5700
FAX: [1] (202) 518-5252
consul general(s): Houston
Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Mark L. ASQUINO
embassy: K-3, Carretera de Aeropuerto, Al lado de Restaurante El Paraiso, Malabo
mailing address: B.P. 817, Yaounde, Cameroon; US Embassy Yaounde, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2520
telephone: [240] 333 09 88 95
Flag description:
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three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice); green symbolizes the jungle and natural resources, blue represents the sea that connects the mainland to the islands, white stands for peace, and red recalls the fight for independence
National symbol(s):
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silk cotton tree
National anthem:
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name: "Caminemos pisando la senda" (Let Us Tread the Path)
lyrics/music: Atanasio Ndongo MIYONO/Atanasio Ndongo MIYONO or Ramiro Sanchez LOPEZ (disputed)
note: adopted 1968
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Economy ::Equatorial Guinea
Economy - overview:
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The discovery and exploitation of large oil and gas reserves have contributed to dramatic economic growth, but fluctuating oil prices have produced huge swings in GDP growth in recent years. The economy is still dominated by hydrocarbon production. The Government has solicited foreign investment, particularly from the United States, to diversify the economy. Undeveloped natural resources include gold, zinc, diamonds, columbite-tantalite, and other base metals. Forestry and farming are also minor components of GDP. Subsistence farming is the dominant form of livelihood. Although pre-independence Equatorial Guinea counted on cocoa production for hard currency earnings, the neglect of the rural economy under successive regimes has diminished potential for agriculture-led growth. The government has stated its intention to reinvest some oil revenue into agriculture. A number of aid programs sponsored by the World Bank and the IMF have been cut off since 1993 because of corruption and mismanagement. The government has been widely criticized for its lack of transparency and misuse of oil revenues. The government has made efforts to address this issue working towards compliance with the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative in 2010. The economy recovered from the global recession in 2011-12 stimulated by higher oil prices and large investments in public infrastructure and hotels.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$28.03 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
$26.52 billion (2011 est.)
$24.6 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$20.65 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
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5.7% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
7.8% (2011 est.)
-0.5% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$20,200 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
$19,600 (2011 est.)
$18,700 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars; population figures are uncertain for Equatorial Guinea; these per capita income figures are based on a estimated population of less than 700,000; some estimates put the figure as high as 1.2 million people; if true, the per capita GDP figures would be significantly lower
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 3.5%
industry: 90.5%
services: 6% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
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195,200 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 172
Unemployment rate:
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22.3% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
Population below poverty line:
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NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Investment (gross fixed):
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44.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
Budget:
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revenues: $10.22 billion
expenditures: $9.644 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
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49.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
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2.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
Public debt:
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4.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
5.1% of GDP (2011 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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6.2% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 163
7% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
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8.5% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
4.25% (31 December 2009 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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15% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
15% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
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$2.478 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
$1.936 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
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$3.115 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
$2.166 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
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$508.1 million (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
$570.8 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Agriculture - products:
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coffee, cocoa, rice, yams, cassava (manioc), bananas, palm oil nuts; livestock; timber
Industries:
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petroleum, natural gas, sawmilling
Industrial production growth rate:
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1.8% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
Current account balance:
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$290.2 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
-$945 million (2011 est.)
Exports:
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$18.31 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
$15.63 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
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petroleum products, timber
Exports - partners:
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Spain 14.8%, China 13.1%, Italy 10.9%, Japan 10.5%, US 9.5%, Netherlands 7.6%, Canada 5.5%, Brazil 5%, France 4.7%, South Korea 4.1% (2011)
Imports:
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$7.59 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
$7.32 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
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petroleum sector equipment, other equipment, construction materials, vehicles
Imports - partners:
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Spain 17.1%, US 13.1%, France 12.4%, China 12.3%, Italy 6.7%, Cote dIvoire 6% (2011)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$3.825 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
$3.054 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
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$1.232 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
$1.149 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
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Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar -
511.4 (2012 est.)
471.87 (2011 est.)
495.28 (2010 est.)
472.19 (2009)
447.81 (2008)
Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Energy ::Equatorial Guinea
Electricity - production:
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97 million kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
Electricity - consumption:
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90.21 million kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 190
Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
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31,000 kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 190
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
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96.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
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3.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
Crude oil - production:
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302,500 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
Crude oil - exports:
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299,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Crude oil - imports:
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 179
Crude oil - proved reserves:
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1.1 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
Refined petroleum products - production:
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
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1,588 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Refined petroleum products - exports:
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25,670 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
Refined petroleum products - imports:
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4,561 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
Natural gas - production:
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6.74 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Natural gas - consumption:
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1.58 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Natural gas - exports:
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5.16 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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36.81 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
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5.005 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
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Communications ::Equatorial Guinea
Telephones - main lines in use:
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13,500 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 198
Telephones - mobile cellular:
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426,000 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 169
Telephone system:
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general assessment: digital fixed-line network in most major urban areas and good mobile coverage
domestic: fixed-line density is about 2 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing and in 2011 stood at about 60 percent of the population
international: country code - 240; international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)
Broadcast media:
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state maintains control of broadcast media with domestic broadcast media limited to 1 state-owned TV station, 1 state-owned radio station, and 1 private radio station owned by the president's eldest son; satellite TV service is available; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible (2007)
Internet country code:
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.gq
Internet hosts:
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7 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 228
Internet users:
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14,400 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 200
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Transportation ::Equatorial Guinea
Airports:
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7 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 166
Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2012)
Pipelines:
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gas 37 km (2010)
Roadways:
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total: 2,880 km (2000)
country comparison to the world: 168
Merchant marine:
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total: 5
country comparison to the world: 124
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 3
foreign-owned: 1 (Norway 1) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
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Bata, Luba, Malabo (2010)
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Military ::Equatorial Guinea
Military branches:
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Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (FAGE): Equatorial Guinea National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Guinea Ecuatoria, GNGE (Army), with Coast Guard (Navy) and Air Wing) (2013)
Military service age and obligation:
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18 years of age for selective compulsory military service, although conscription is rare in practice; service obligation 2 years; women hold only administrative positions in the Coast Guard (2013)
Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 151,147
females age 16-49: 150,345 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 113,277
females age 16-49: 115,320 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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male: 7,398
female: 7,126 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
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0.1% of GDP (2011)
country comparison to the world: 170
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Transnational Issues ::Equatorial Guinea
Disputes - international:
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in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River and imprecisely defined maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision delayed final delimitation; UN urged Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane and lesser islands and to create a maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay
Trafficking in persons:
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current situation: Equatorial Guinea is primarily a destination country for children trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and possibly for the purpose of sexual exploitation; children have been trafficked from nearby countries for domestic servitude, market labor, ambulant vending, and possibly sexual exploitation; women may also be trafficked to Equatorial Guinea from Cameroon, Benin, other neighboring countries, and China for sexual exploitation
tier rating: Tier 3 - Equatorial Guinea is not making significant efforts to comply with the minimum standards on the elimination of trafficking; despite limited law enforcement action against suspected human smugglers and traffickers, including complicit public officials, the government has made no tangible efforts to provide victims of trafficking with the protective services mandated in its 2004 anti-trafficking law; prevention efforts have decreased, as the government did not hold any public awareness campaigns and its interagency commission on human trafficking took little, if any, action; the government's response to human trafficking has been inadequate, particularly given the government's substantial financial resources (2008)
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