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Introduction
Geography
People & Society
Goverment
Economy
Energy
Communications
Transportation
Military
Transnational issues

Macedonia

(CONTAIN DESCRIPTION)

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Introduction ::Macedonia

Background:

Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.

Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greece's objection to the new state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols delayed international recognition, which occurred under the provisional designation of "the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution are ongoing. Since 2004, the United States and 133 other nations have recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Some ethnic Albanians, angered by perceived political and economic inequities, launched an insurgency in 2001 that eventually won the support of the majority of Macedonia's ethnic Albanian population and led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. Fully implementing the Framework Agreement, maintaining momentum on democratic reforms, and stimulating economic growth and development continue to be challenges for Macedonia, although progress has been made over the past several years.

Geography ::Macedonia

Location:

Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

Geographic coordinates:

41 50 N, 22 00 E

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total: 25,713 sq km

country comparison to the world: 150

land: 25,433 sq km

water: 280 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly larger than Vermont

Land boundaries:

total: 766 km

border countries: Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 246 km, Kosovo 159 km, Serbia 62 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none (landlocked)

Climate:

warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Terrain:

mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Vardar River 50 m

highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m

Natural resources:

low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land

Land use:

arable land: 16.1%

permanent crops: 1.36%

other: 82.54% (2011)

Irrigated land:

1,278 sq km (2004)

Total renewable water resources:

6.4 cu km (2011)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

total: 1.028 cu km/yr (21%/67%/12%)

per capita: 502 cu m/yr (2007)

Natural hazards:

high seismic risks

Environment - current issues:

air pollution from metallurgical plants

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:

landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe

People and Society ::Macedonia

Nationality:

noun: Macedonian(s)

adjective: Macedonian

Ethnic groups:

Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma (Gypsy) 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)

Languages:

Macedonian (official) 66.5%, Albanian (official) 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census)

Religions:

Macedonian Orthodox 64.7%, Muslim 33.3%, other Christian 0.37%, other and unspecified 1.63% (2002 census)

Population:

2,087,171 (July 2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 145

Age structure:

0-14 years: 17.9% (male 193,507/female 180,157)

15-24 years: 14.3% (male 154,084/female 144,908)

25-54 years: 43.8% (male 463,282/female 450,261)

55-64 years: 11.9% (male 121,097/female 127,742)

65 years and over: 12.1% (male 108,324/female 143,809) (2013 est.)

population pyramid:

Median age:

total: 36.2 years

male: 35.1 years

female: 37.2 years (2012 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.237% (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 174

Birth rate:

11.8 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 165

Death rate:

8.95 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 68

Net migration rate:

-0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 141

Urbanization:

urban population: 59% of total population (2010)

rate of urbanization: 0.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Major cities - population:

SKOPJE (capital) 480,000 (2009)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Maternal mortality rate:

10 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

country comparison to the world: 153

Infant mortality rate:

total: 8.32 deaths/1,000 live births

country comparison to the world: 155

male: 8.56 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 8.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 75.36 years

country comparison to the world: 89

male: 72.82 years

female: 78.1 years (2012 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.59 children born/woman (2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 179

Health expenditures:

7.1% of GDP (2010)

country comparison to the world: 79

Physicians density:

2.546 physicians/1,000 population (2006)

Hospital bed density:

4.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)

Sanitation facility access:

improved:

urban: 92% of population

rural: 82% of population

total: 88% of population

unimproved:

urban: 8% of population

rural: 18% of population

total: 12% of population (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

less than 0.1% (2007 est.)

country comparison to the world: 138

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

fewer than 200 (2007 est.)

country comparison to the world: 158

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

fewer than 100 (2003 est.)

country comparison to the world: 120

Children under the age of 5 years underweight:

1.8% (2005)

country comparison to the world: 120

Education expenditures:

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97.3%

male: 98.7%

female: 95.9% (2010 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

total: 13 years

male: 13 years

female: 13 years (2008)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:

total: 30.8%

country comparison to the world: 17

male: 35.1%

female: 38.4% (2010)

Government ::Macedonia

Country name:

conventional long form: Republic of Macedonia

conventional short form: Macedonia

local long form: Republika Makedonija

local short form: Makedonija

note: the provisional designation used by the UN, EU, and NATO is the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (FYROM)

former: People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia

Government type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

name: Skopje

geographic coordinates: 42 00 N, 21 26 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions:

84 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Aerodrom (Skopje), Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Butel (Skopje), Cair (Skopje), Caska, Centar (Skopje), Centar Zupa, Cesinovo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Dorce Petrov (Gjorce Petrov) (Skopje), Drugovo, Gazi Baba (Skopje), Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Karpos (Skopje), Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kisela Voda (Skopje), Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostusa, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Oslomej, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Saraj (Skopje), Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Suto Orizari (Skopje), Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vranestica, Vrapciste, Zajas, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci

note: the 10 municipalities followed by Skopje in parentheses collectively constitute the larger Skopje Municipality

Independence:

8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 8 September (1991); also known as National Day

Constitution:

adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended November 2001, 2005, and in 2009

note: amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights, in 2005 with amendments related to the judiciary, and in 2009 with amendments related to the threshold required to elect the president

Legal system:

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation:

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Gjorge IVANOV (since 12 May 2009)

head of government: Prime Minister Nikola GRUEVSKI (since 26 August 2006)

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, BDI, and several small parties

(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window

)

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); two-round election: first round held on 22 March 2009, second round held on 5 April 2009 (next to be held in March 2014); prime minister elected by the Assembly following legislative elections; the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister

election results: Gjorge IVANOV elected president on second-round ballot; percent of vote - Gjorge IVANOV 63.1%, Ljubomir FRCKOSKI 36.9%

Legislative branch:

unicameral Assembly or Sobranie (123 seats; all members elected by popular vote from party lists based on the percentage of the overall vote the parties gain in each of six electoral and three diaspora districts; members serve four-year terms)

elections: last held on 5 June 2011 (next to be held by June 2015)

election results: percent of vote by party - VMRO-DPMNE-led block 39%, SDSM-led block 32.8%, BDI 10.2%, PDSh 5.9%, other 12.1%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE-led block 56, SDSM-led block 42, BDI 15, PDSh 8, RDK 2

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; Judicial Council

note: the Judicial Council appoints all basic, appellate, and supreme court judges; Legislative Assembly appoints Constitutional Court Judges

Political parties and leaders:

Albanian Democratic Union or BDSh [Bardhyl MAHMUTI]; Democratic League of Bosniaks in Macedonia [Rafet MUMINOVIC]; Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia or DPSM [Ivan STOILJKOVIC]; Democratic Party of the Albanians or PDSh [Menduh THACI]; Democratic Party of Turks of Macedonia or DPTM [Kenan HASIPI]; Democratic Renewal of Macedonia or DOM [Liljana POPOVSKA]; Democratic Union or DS [Pavle TRAJANOV]; Democratic Union for Integration or BDI [Ali AHMETI]; Dosoinstvo (Diginity) [Stojance ANGELOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - People's Party or VMRO-NP [Ljubco GEORGIEVSKI]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Andrej ZENOVSKI]; Liberal Party of Macedonia or LP [Ivon VELICKOVSKI]; Movement for Turkish National Union [Erdogan SARAC]; National Democratic Revival or RDK [Rufi OSMANI]; New Democracy or ND [Imer SELMANI]; New Social-Democratic Party or NSDP [Tito PETKOVSKI]; Party for Democratic Action of Macedonia or SDA [Avdija PEPIC]; Party for the Total Emancipation of Roma or PCER [Samka IBRAIMOVSKI]; Party of United Democrats of Macedonia or PODEM [Zivko JANKULOVSKI]; Party on European Future or PEI [Fijat CANOSKI]; Serbian Progressive Party in Macedonia or SPSM [Dragisha MILETIC]; Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM [Branko CRVENKOVSKI]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVNAOV DZINGO]; Union of Roma of Macedonia or SR [Amdi BAJRAM]; United for Macedonia or OM [Ljube BOSKOSKI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

Federation of Free Trade Unions [Mirjana ANDREVSKA]; Federation of Trade Unions [Zivko MITREVSKI]; Trade Union of Education, Science and Culture [Jakim NEDELKOV]

International organization participation:

BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Zoran JOLEVSKI

chancery: 2129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 667-0501

FAX: [1] (202) 667-2131

consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York, Southfield (MI)

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Paul D. WOHLERS

embassy: Str. Samolilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje

mailing address: American Embassy Skopje, US Department of State, 7120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch)

telephone: [389] (2) 310-2000

FAX: [389] (2) 310-2499

Flag description:

a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia

National symbol(s):

eight-rayed sun

National anthem:

name: "Denes Nad Makedonija" (Today Over Macedonia)

lyrics/music: Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI

note: adopted 1991; the song, written in 1943, previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while part of Yugoslavia

Economy ::Macedonia

Economy - overview:

Macedonia is vulnerable to economic developments in Europe - due to strong trade ties - and dependent on regional integration and progress toward EU membership for continued economic growth. At independence in September 1991, Macedonia was the least developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the central government and eliminated advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence of infrastructure, UN sanctions on the downsized Yugoslavia, and a Greek economic embargo over a dispute about the country's constitutional name and flag hindered economic growth until 1996. Since then, Macedonia has maintained macroeconomic stability with low inflation, but it has so far lagged the region in attracting foreign investment and creating jobs, despite making extensive fiscal and business sector reforms. Official unemployment remains high at more than 31%, but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be between 20% and 45% of GDP, that is not captured by official statistics. In the wake of the global economic downturn, Macedonia has experienced decreased foreign direct investment and a large trade deficit. However, as a result of conservative fiscal policies and a sound financial system, in 2010 the country credit rating improved slightly to BB+ and was kept at that level in 2011-12. However, macroeconomic stability has been maintained by a prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged against the euro. As a result, GDP growth was modest, but positive at about 3% both in 2010 and 2011, and inflation was under control. The government loosened fiscal policy in 2012 and the budget deficit expanded to 3.5% of GDP.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$21.94 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 127

$21.94 billion (2011 est.)

$21.28 billion (2010 est.)

note: data are in 2012 US dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data

GDP (official exchange rate):

$10.5 billion (2012 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

0% (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 187

3.1% (2011)

2.9% (2010)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$10,700 (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 111

$10,600 (2011 est.)

$10,300 (2010 est.)

note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 9.6%

industry: 27.3%

services: 63.1% (2012 est.)

Labor force:

940,600 (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 144

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 16.7%

industry: 26%

services: 57.3% (September 2012)

Unemployment rate:

31.3% (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 183

31.4% (2011 est.)

Population below poverty line:

30.4% (2011)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 2.2%

highest 10%: 34.5% (2009 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

43.2 (2009)

country comparison to the world: 48

39 (2003)

Investment (gross fixed):

26.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 36

Budget:

revenues: $2.884 billion

expenditures: $3.255 billion (2012 est.)

Taxes and other revenues:

27.5% of GDP (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 109

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):

-3.5% of GDP (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 123

Public debt:

27.3% of GDP (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 118

28.7% of GDP (2011 est.)

note: Official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover Central Government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3.3% (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 89

3.9% (2011 est.)

Central bank discount rate:

3.75% (31 December 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 96

4% (31 December 2011 est.)

note: series discontinued in January 2010; the discount rate has been replaced by a referent rate for calculating the penalty rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

7.9% (31 December 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 113

8.3% (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money:

$1.413 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 137

$1.285 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money:

$5.709 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 124

$5.34 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit:

$4.681 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 118

$4.341 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$2.423 billion (31 December 2012)

country comparison to the world: 94

$2.495 billion (31 December 2011)

$2.647 billion (31 December 2010)

Agriculture - products:

grapes, tobacco, vegetables, fruits; milk, eggs

Industries:

food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate:

4% (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 73

Current account balance:

-$323 million (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 85

-$273.5 million (2011 est.)

Exports:

$4.002 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 123

$4.455 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities:

food, beverages, tobacco; textiles, miscellaneous manufactures, iron, steel; automotive parts

Exports - partners:

Germany 28.1%, Italy 7.2%, Bulgaria 5.4%, Greece 4.9% (2011)

Imports:

$6.511 billion (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 117

$7.007 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels, food products

Imports - partners:

Greece 14.2%, Germany 13.2%, Bulgaria 11.1%, UK 8%, Turkey 5.4%, Italy 5.4% (2011)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$2.891 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 108

$2.677 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Debt - external:

$6.56 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 103

$6.27 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$4.284 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 87

$4.229 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$564 million (31 December 2009 est.)

Exchange rates:

Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar -

47.885 (2012 est.)

44.231 (2011 est.)

46.485 (2010 est.)

44.1 (2009)

41.414 (2008)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Energy ::Macedonia

Electricity - production:

5.81 billion kWh (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 112

Electricity - consumption:

7.25 billion kWh (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 99

Electricity - exports:

12.82 million kWh (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 84

Electricity - imports:

2.692 billion kWh (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 47

Electricity - installed generating capacity:

1.94 million kW (2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 103

Electricity - from fossil fuels:

65.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 124

Electricity - from nuclear fuels:

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 137

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:

34.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 63

Electricity - from other renewable sources:

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 158

Crude oil - production:

0 bbl/day (2012)

country comparison to the world: 165

Crude oil - exports:

0 bbl/day (2012)

country comparison to the world: 151

Crude oil - imports:

18,800 bbl/day (2012)

country comparison to the world: 71

Crude oil - proved reserves:

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 164

Refined petroleum products - production:

21,280 bbl/day (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 96

Refined petroleum products - consumption:

17,490 bbl/day (2011 est.)

country comparison to the world: 137

Refined petroleum products - exports:

8,594 bbl/day (2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 89

Refined petroleum products - imports:

21,530 bbl/day (2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 104

Natural gas - production:

0 cu m (2012)

country comparison to the world: 165

Natural gas - consumption:

136.6 million cu m (2011)

country comparison to the world: 103

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2012)

country comparison to the world: 144

Natural gas - imports:

136.6 million cu m (2012)

country comparison to the world: 71

Natural gas - proved reserves:

0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)

country comparison to the world: 169

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:

8.231 million Mt (2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 108

Communications ::Macedonia

Telephones - main lines in use:

422,100 (2011)

country comparison to the world: 104

Telephones - mobile cellular:

2.213 million (2011)

country comparison to the world: 137

Telephone system:

general assessment: competition from the mobile-cellular segment of the telecommunications market has led to a drop in fixed-line telephone subscriptions

domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership about 130 per 100 persons

international: country code - 389 (2012)

Broadcast media:

public TV broadcaster operates 3 national channels and a satellite network; 5 privately owned TV channels broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters and about 15 broadcast on national level via satellite; roughly 75 local commercial TV stations; large number of cable operators offering domestic and international programming; public radio broadcaster operates over multiple stations; 3 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationally; about 70 local commercial radio stations (2012)

Internet country code:

.mk

Internet hosts:

62,826 (2012)

country comparison to the world: 92

Internet users:

1.057 million (2009)

country comparison to the world: 97

Transportation ::Macedonia

Airports:

14 (2012)

country comparison to the world: 151

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 10

2,438 to 3,047 m: 2

under 914 m: 8 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 4

914 to 1,523 m: 1

under 914 m: 3 (2012)

Pipelines:

gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2010)

Railways:

total: 699 km

country comparison to the world: 100

standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (234 km electrified) (2010)

Roadways:

total: 13,736 km (includes 216 km of expressways) (2010)

country comparison to the world: 127

Military ::Macedonia

Military branches:

Army of the Republic of Macedonia (ARM; includes General Staff and subordinate Joint Operational Command, Training and Doctrine Command, Special Operations Regiment) (2012)

Military service age and obligation:

18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2013)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 532,196

females age 16-49: 511,964 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 443,843

females age 16-49: 426,251 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 16,144

female: 14,920 (2010 est.)

Military expenditures:

6% of GDP (2005 est.)

country comparison to the world: 11

Transnational Issues ::Macedonia

Disputes - international:

Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008; Greece continues to reject the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Illicit drugs:

major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement