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Mauritius
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Introduction ::Oman
Background:
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The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered on Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, a newly established sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, but it never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al-Said overthrew his father, and he has since ruled as sultan. His extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world while preserving the longstanding close ties with the UK. Oman's moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations with all Middle Eastern countries. Inspired by the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa beginning in January 2011, Omanis began staging marches and demonstrations to demand economic benefits, an end to corruption, and greater political rights. In response to protester demands, QABOOS in 2011 pledged to implement economic and political reforms, such as granting legislative and regulatory powers to the Majlis al-Shura and introducing unemployment benefits. In August 2012, the Sultan announced a royal directive mandating the speedy implementation of a national job creation plan for thousands of public and private sector jobs. As part of the government's efforts to decentralize authority and allow greater citizen participation in local governance, Oman successfully conducted its first municipal council elections in December 2012. Announced by the Sultan in 2011, the municipal councils will have the power to advise the Royal Court on the needs of local districts across Oman's 11 governorates.
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Geography ::Oman
Location:
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Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf, between Yemen and UAE
Geographic coordinates:
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21 00 N, 57 00 E
Map references:
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Middle East
Area:
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total: 309,500 sq km
country comparison to the world: 71
land: 309,500 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Kansas
Land boundaries:
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total: 1,374 km
border countries: Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km
Coastline:
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2,092 km
Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:
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dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Terrain:
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central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal Shams 2,980 m
Natural resources:
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petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas
Land use:
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arable land: 0.1%
permanent crops: 0.12%
other: 99.77% (2011)
Irrigated land:
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588.5 sq km (2004)
Total renewable water resources:
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1.4 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 1.321 cu km/yr (10%/1%/88%)
per capita: 515.8 cu m/yr (2003)
Natural hazards:
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summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues:
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rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; limited natural freshwater resources
Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
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strategic location on Musandam Peninsula adjacent to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil
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People and Society ::Oman
Nationality:
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noun: Omani(s)
adjective: Omani
Ethnic groups:
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Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi), African
Languages:
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Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Religions:
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Ibadhi Muslim (official) 75%, other (includes Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim, Hindu) 25%
Population:
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3,154,134 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 136
note: includes 577,293 non-nationals
Age structure:
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0-14 years: 30.6% (male 494,444/female 469,752)
15-24 years: 20.2% (male 333,583/female 302,618)
25-54 years: 42.1% (male 781,396/female 547,872)
55-64 years: 3.9% (male 65,722/female 56,673)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 51,515/female 50,559) (2013 est.)
population pyramid:
Median age:
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total: 24.4 years
male: 25.7 years
female: 22.8 years (2012 est.)
Population growth rate:
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2.043% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
Birth rate:
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24.33 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
Death rate:
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3.42 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 212
Net migration rate:
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-0.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 140
Urbanization:
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urban population: 73% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 2.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major cities - population:
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MUSCAT (capital) 634,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.31 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female
total population: 1.22 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
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32 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 121
Infant mortality rate:
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total: 14.95 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 115
male: 15.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 74.47 years
country comparison to the world: 104
male: 72.61 years
female: 76.43 years (2012 est.)
Total fertility rate:
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2.86 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
Health expenditures:
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2.8% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 181
Physicians density:
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1.901 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
Hospital bed density:
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1.8 beds/1,000 population (2009)
Drinking water source:
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improved:
urban: 93% of population
rural: 78% of population
total: 89% of population
unimproved:
urban: 7% of population
rural: 22% of population
total: 11% of population (2010 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
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improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 95% of population
total: 99% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 5% of population
total: 1% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.1% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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1,100 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 100 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
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8.6% (2009)
country comparison to the world: 72
Education expenditures:
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4.3% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 102
Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 81.4%
male: 86.8%
female: 73.5% (2003 census)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 11 years (2009)
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Government ::Oman
Country name:
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conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman
conventional short form: Oman
local long form: Saltanat Uman
local short form: Uman
former: Muscat and Oman
Government type:
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monarchy
Capital:
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name: Muscat
geographic coordinates: 23 37 N, 58 35 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
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11 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat); Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Buraymi, Al Wusta, Az Zahirah, Janub al Batinah (Al Batinah South), Janub ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah South), Masqat (Muscat), Musandam, Shamal al Batinah (Al Batinah North), Shamal ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah North), Zufar (Dhofar)
Independence:
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1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)
National holiday:
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Birthday of Sultan QABOOS, 18 November (1940)
Constitution:
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none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens
Legal system:
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mixed legal system of Anglo-Saxon law and Islamic law
International law organization participation:
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Suffrage:
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21 years of age; universal; note - members of the military and security forces by law are not allowed to vote
Executive branch:
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chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al-Said (sultan since 23 July 1970 and prime minister since 23 July 1972); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al-Said (sultan since 23 July 1970 and prime minister since 23 July 1972)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: the Ruling Family Council determines a successor from the Sultan's extended family; if the Council cannot form a consensus within three days of the Sultan's death or incapacitation, the Defense Council will relay a predetermined heir as chosen by the Sultan
Legislative branch:
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bicameral - consists of Majlis al-Dawla or upper chamber (71 seats; members appointed by the sultan; has only advisory powers) and Majlis al-Shura or lower chamber (84 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms; body has authority to draft legislation but is subordinate to the Sultan)
elections: (Majlis al-Shura) last held on 15 October 2011 (next to be held in October 2015)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; note - three prominent figures from the Arab Spring 2011 protests won seats; one woman also won a seat
Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court
note: the nascent civil court system, administered by region, has judges who practice secular and sharia law
Political parties and leaders:
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political parties are illegal
Political pressure groups and leaders:
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none
International organization participation:
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ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Hunaina bint Sultan bin Ahmad al-MUGHAIRI
chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980
FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933
Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Greta C. HOLTZ
embassy: Jamait Ad Duwal Al Arabiyya Street, Al Khuwair area, Muscat
mailing address: P. O. Box 202, P.C. 115, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat
telephone: [968] 24-643-400
FAX: [968] 24-64-37-40
Flag description:
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three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band; white represents peace and prosperity, red recalls battles against foreign invaders, and green symbolizes the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility
National symbol(s):
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Khanjar dagger superimposed on two crossed swords
National anthem:
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name: "Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani" (The Sultan's Anthem)
lyrics/music: Rashid bin Uzayyiz al KHUSAIDI/James Frederick MILLS, arranged by Bernard EBBINGHAUS
note: adopted 1932; new words were written after QABOOS bin Said al Said gained power in 1970; the anthem was first performed by the band of a British ship as a salute to the Sultan during a 1932 visit to Muscat; the bandmaster of the HMS Hawkins was asked to write a salutation to the Sultan on the occasion of his visiting the ship
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Economy ::Oman
Economy - overview:
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Oman is a middle-income economy that is heavily dependent on dwindling oil resources. Because of declining reserves and a rapidly growing labor force, Muscat has actively pursued a development plan that focuses on diversification, industrialization, and privatization, with the objective of reducing the oil sector's contribution to GDP to 9% by 2020 and creating more jobs to employ the rising numbers of Omanis entering the workforce. Tourism and gas-based industries are key components of the government's diversification strategy. However, increases in social welfare benefits, particularly since the Arab Spring, will challenge the government's ability to effectively balance its budget if oil revenues decline. By using enhanced oil recovery techniques, Oman succeeded in increasing oil production, giving the country more time to diversify, and the increase in global oil prices through 2011 provided the government greater financial resources to invest in non-oil sectors. In 2012, continued surpluses resulting from sustained high oil prices and increased enhanced oil recovery allowed the government to maintain growth in social subsidies and public sector job creation. However, the Sultan made widely reported statements indicating this would not be sustainable, and called for expanded efforts to support SME development and entrepreneurship. Government agencies and large oligarchic group companies heeded his call, announcing new initiatives to spin off non-essential functions to entrepreneurs, incubate new businesses, train and mentor up and coming business people, and provide financing for start-ups. In response to fast growth in household indebtedness, the Central Bank reduced the ceiling on personal interest loans from 8 to 7%, lowered mortgage rates, capped the percentage of consumer loans at 50% of borrower's salaries for personal loans and 60% for housing loans, and limited maximum repayment terms to 10 and 25 years respectively. In 2012 the Central Bank also issued final regulations governing Islamic banking and two full-fledged Islamic banks held oversubscribed IPOs while four traditional banks opened sharia-compliant Islamic windows.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$90.66 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
$86.38 billion (2011 est.)
$81.92 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$79.97 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
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5% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
5.4% (2011 est.)
5% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$28,500 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
$28,000 (2011 est.)
$27,500 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 1.5%
industry: 50.4%
services: 48.1% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
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968,800
country comparison to the world: 143
note: about 60% of the labor force is non-national (2007)
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Unemployment rate:
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15% (2004 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
Population below poverty line:
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NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Investment (gross fixed):
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25.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
Budget:
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revenues: $35.55 billion
expenditures: $30.49 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
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44.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
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6.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
Public debt:
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3.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 152
3.8% of GDP (2011 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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3.5% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
4.1% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
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2% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
0.05% (31 December 2009 est.)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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6% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
6.19% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
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$8.671 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
$7.971 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
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$71.42 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
$63.16 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
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$26.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
$23.18 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$19.72 billion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 64
$20.27 billion (31 December 2010)
$17.3 billion (31 December 2009)
Agriculture - products:
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dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables; camels, cattle; fish
Industries:
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crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas (LNG) production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals, optic fiber
Industrial production growth rate:
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3.5% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
Current account balance:
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$10.22 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
$10.67 billion (2011 est.)
Exports:
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$48.43 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
$47.09 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
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petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles
Exports - partners:
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China 30.2%, South Korea 10.9%, UAE 10.6%, Japan 10.4%, India 9.2%, Thailand 5.3%, US 4.6% (2011)
Imports:
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$23.37 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
$21.35 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
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machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants
Imports - partners:
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UAE 27.7%, Japan 11.9%, US 6.1%, India 5.4%, China 4.2%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, Germany 4% (2011)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$15.87 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
$14.37 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
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$9.768 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
$9.033 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$NA
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$NA
Exchange rates:
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Omani rials (OMR) per US dollar -
0.3845 (2012 est.)
0.3845 (2011 est.)
0.3845 (2010 est.)
0.3845 (2009)
0.3845 (2008)
Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Energy ::Oman
Electricity - production:
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18.59 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
Electricity - consumption:
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15.34 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
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4.202 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
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100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
Crude oil - production:
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915,600 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
Crude oil - exports:
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253,100 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
Crude oil - imports:
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
Crude oil - proved reserves:
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4.902 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
Refined petroleum products - production:
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106,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
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98,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
Refined petroleum products - exports:
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19,680 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
Refined petroleum products - imports:
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33,150 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
Natural gas - production:
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35.94 billion cu m (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
Natural gas - consumption:
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17.53 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Natural gas - exports:
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11.49 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
Natural gas - imports:
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1.9 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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849.5 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
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55.2 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
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Communications ::Oman
Telephones - main lines in use:
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302,945 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 116
Telephones - mobile cellular:
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5.2 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 102
Telephone system:
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general assessment: modern system consisting of open-wire, microwave, and radiotelephone communication stations; limited coaxial cable; domestic satellite system with 8 earth stations
domestic: fixed-line and mobile-cellular subscribership both increasing with fixed-line phone service gradually being introduced to remote villages using wireless local loop systems
international: country code - 968; the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat (2008)
Broadcast media:
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1 state-run TV broadcaster; TV stations transmitting from Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Yemen available via satellite TV; state-run radio operates multiple stations; first private radio station began operating in 2007 and 2 additional stations now operating (2007)
Internet country code:
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.om
Internet hosts:
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14,531 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 127
Internet users:
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1.465 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 83
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Transportation ::Oman
Airports:
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130 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 43
Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 12
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 118
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 51
914 to 1,523 m: 32
under 914 m: 26 (2012)
Heliports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
3 (2012)
Pipelines:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
condensate 107 km; gas 4,209 km; oil 3,558 km; refined products 263 km (2010)
Roadways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 53,430 km
country comparison to the world: 76
paved: 23,223 km (includes 1,384 km of expressways)
unpaved: 30,207 km (2008)
Merchant marine:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 5
country comparison to the world: 128
by type: chemical tanker 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 3
registered in other countries: 15 (Malta 5, Panama 10) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Mina' Qabus, Salalah, Suhar
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Military ::Oman
Military branches:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF): Royal Army of Oman, Royal Navy of Oman, Royal Air Force of Oman (al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Sultanat Oman) (2013)
Military service age and obligation:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2010)
Manpower available for military service:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
males age 16-49: 985,957
females age 16-49: 737,812 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
males age 16-49: 837,886
females age 16-49: 642,427 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
male: 31,959
female: 30,264 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
11.4% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 1
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Transnational Issues ::Oman
Disputes - international:
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boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah exclave, but details of the alignment have not been made public
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