>> >> Peru

City List


Search for your next freelancer or independent contractor by city from Peru country. Upfreelance.com searches the Internet for software developers, Internet developers, website designers, marketing consultants and sales and marketing that are available to work on your project.
Peru
Introduction ::Peru
Background:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous Quechuan ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. In June 2011, former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president, defeating Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi, the daughter of Alberto FUJIMORI. Since his election, HUMALA has carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceeding administrations.
Back to Top
Geography ::Peru
Location:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
Geographic coordinates:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
10 00 S, 76 00 W
Map references:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
South America
Area:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 1,285,216 sq km
country comparison to the world: 20
land: 1,279,996 sq km
water: 5,220 sq km
Area - comparative:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 7,461 km
border countries: Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
Coastline:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
2,414 km
Maritime claims:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Terrain:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Elevation extremes:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
Natural resources:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
Land use:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
arable land: 2.84%
permanent crops: 0.66%
other: 96.5% (2011)
Irrigated land:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
11,960 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1,913 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 19.34 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)
per capita: 727.6 cu m/yr (2005)
Natural hazards:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane
Environment - current issues:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
Environment - international agreements:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River
Back to Top
People and Society ::Peru
Nationality:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
noun: Peruvian(s)
adjective: Peruvian
Ethnic groups:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Languages:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara (official) 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Census)
Religions:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census)
Demographic profile:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Peru's urban and coastal communities have benefited much more from recent economic growth than rural, Afro-Peruvian, indigenous, and poor populations of the Amazon and mountain regions. The poverty rate has dropped substantially during the last decade but remains stubbornly high at about 30% (more than 55% in rural areas). After remaining almost static for about a decade, Peru's malnutrition rate began falling in 2005, when the government introduced a coordinated strategy focusing on hygiene, sanitation, and clean water. School enrollment has improved, but achievement scores reflect ongoing problems with educational quality. Many poor children temporarily or permanently drop out of school to help support their families. About a quarter to a third of Peruvian children aged 6 to 14 work, often putting in long hours at hazardous mining or construction sites.
Peru was a country of immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but has become a country of emigration in the last few decades. Beginning in the 19th century, Peru brought in Asian contract laborers mainly to work on coastal plantations. Populations of Chinese and Japanese descent - among the largest in Latin America - are economically and culturally influential in Peru today. Peruvian emigration began rising in the 1980s due to an economic crisis and a violent internal conflict, but outflows have stabilized in the last few years as economic conditions have improved. Nonetheless, more than 2 million Peruvians have emigrated in the last decade, principally to the US, Spain, and Argentina.
Population:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
29,849,303 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
Age structure:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0-14 years: 27.6% (male 4,197,698/female 4,053,852)
15-24 years: 19.4% (male 2,894,420/female 2,891,714)
25-54 years: 39.2% (male 5,633,249/female 6,056,017)
55-64 years: 7.1% (male 1,039,975/female 1,086,428)
65 years and over: 6.7% (male 947,349/female 1,048,601) (2013 est.)
population pyramid:
Median age:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 26.5 years
male: 25.8 years
female: 27.2 years (2012 est.)
Population growth rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1.016% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
Birth rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
19.13 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
Death rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5.95 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
Net migration rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
-3.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
Urbanization:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
urban population: 77% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major cities - population:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
LIMA (capital) 8.769 million; Arequipa 778,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
67 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 91
Infant mortality rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 21.5 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 89
male: 23.78 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total population: 72.73 years
country comparison to the world: 127
male: 70.78 years
female: 74.76 years (2012 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
2.25 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
Health expenditures:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5.1% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 137
Physicians density:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0.92 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
Hospital bed density:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)
Drinking water source:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
improved:
urban: 91% of population
rural: 65% of population
total: 85% of population
unimproved:
urban: 9% of population
rural: 35% of population
total: 15% of population (2010 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
improved:
urban: 81% of population
rural: 37% of population
total: 71% of population
unimproved:
urban: 19% of population
rural: 63% of population
total: 29% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0.4% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
75,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Major infectious diseases:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
16.3% (2000)
country comparison to the world: 29
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
4.5% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 93
Education expenditures:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
2.6% of GDP (2011)
country comparison to the world: 155
Literacy:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.9%
male: 96.4%
female: 89.4% (2007 Census)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 13 years (2006)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 14%
country comparison to the world: 85
male: 12.5%
female: 15.6% (2008)
Back to Top
Government ::Peru
Country name:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form: Peru
local long form: Republica del Peru
local short form: Peru
Government type:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
constitutional republic
Capital:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
name: Lima
geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
Independence:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
28 July 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Constitution:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
29 December 1993
Legal system:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
civil law system
International law organization participation:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70
Executive branch:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chief of state: President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant)
note: Prime Minister Juan Federico JIMENEZ Mayor (since 23 July 2012) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders websiteĀ Opens in New Window)
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)
election results: Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%
Legislative branch:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)
election results: percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4; note - defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties
Judicial branch:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)
Political parties and leaders:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Alliance for Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio) (a coalition of the Alliance for Progress, Humanist Party, National Restoration Party, and Popular Christian Party) [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI]; Fuerza 2011 [Keiko FUJIMORI]; Gana Peru (a coalition of Lima Para Todos, Peruvian Communist Party, Peruvian Nationalist Party, and Peruvian Socialist Party) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso]; National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN (a coalition of Cambio 90, Siempre Unidos, Todos por el Peru, and Union for Peru or UPP) [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]; Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN]; Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)
International organization participation:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chief of mission: Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia
chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
chief of mission: Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS
embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000
telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000
FAX: [51] (1) 618-2397
Flag description:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace
National symbol(s):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)
National anthem:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
name: "Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)
lyrics/music: Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO
note: adopted 1822; the song won a national contest for an anthem
Back to Top
Economy ::Peru
Economy - overview:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid lowland coastal region, the central high sierra of the Andes, the dense forest of the Amazon, with tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. A wide range of important mineral resources are found in the mountainous and coastal areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. The Peruvian economy has been growing by an average of 6.4% per year since 2002 with a stable/slightly appreciating exchange rate and low inflation, which in 2013 is expected to be below the Central Bank target of 3 percent. Growth has been in the 6-9% range for the last three years, due partly to a leap in private investment, especially in the extractive sector, which accounts for more than 60% of Peru's total exports. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. Peru's rapid expansion coupled with cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by 23 percentage points since 2002, but inequality persists and continues to pose a challenge for the new Ollanta HUMALA administration, which has championed a policy of social inclusion and a more equitable distribution of income. Peru's free trade policy has continued under the HUMALA administration; since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the US, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, Mexico, and Japan, concluded negotiations with the European Free Trade Association and Chile, and begun trade talks with Central American countries and others. Peru also has signed a trade pact with Chile, Colombia, and Mexico called the Pacific Alliance that rivals Mercosur in combined population, GDP, and trade. The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force 1 February 2009, opening the way to greater trade and investment between the two economies. Trade agreements with South Korea, Japan, and Mexico also were signed in 2011. Although Peru has continued to attract foreign investment, political disputes and protests may impede development of some projects related to natural resource extraction.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$325.4 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
$306.9 billion (2011 est.)
$287 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$200.3 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
6% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
6.9% (2011 est.)
8.8% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$10,700 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
$10,200 (2011 est.)
$9,700 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
agriculture: 7.8%
industry: 33.9%
services: 58.4% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
15.9 million
country comparison to the world: 39
note: individuals older than 14 years of age (2011 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
agriculture: 0.7%
industry: 23.8%
services: 75.5% (2005)
Unemployment rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
7.7% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
7.9% (2011 est.)
note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment
Population below poverty line:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
31.3% (2010 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
lowest 10%: 1.4%
highest 10%: 36.1% (2010 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
46 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 34
51 (2005)
Investment (gross fixed):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
25.4% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
Budget:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
revenues: $58.15 billion
expenditures: $56.42 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
29% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0.9% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
Public debt:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
18.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
19.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
3.6% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
3.4% (2011 est.)
note: data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average
Central bank discount rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5.05% (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 97
3.8% (31 December 2010)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
19.7% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
18.69% (31 December 2011 est.)
note: domestic currency lending rate
Stock of narrow money:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$27.64 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
$25.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$73.97 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
$64.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$37.63 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
$33.37 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$121.6 billion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 36
$160.9 billion (31 December 2010)
$107.3 billion (31 December 2009)
Agriculture - products:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mangoes, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, pork, dairy products; guinea pigs; fish
Industries:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture
Industrial production growth rate:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
Current account balance:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
-$4.856 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
-$2.267 billion (2011 est.)
Exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$47.38 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
$46.27 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum, silver; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals, fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys
Exports - partners:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
China 18.3%, US 15.2%, Canada 11.4%, Japan 5.4%, Spain 5.3%, Chile 4.8%, South Korea 4.6%, Germany 4.1% (2011)
Imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$41.15 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
$36.97 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, color TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines
Imports - partners:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
US 24.5%, China 13.7%, Brazil 6.7%, Chile 5.9%, Ecuador 4.4%, South Korea 4% (2011)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$61.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
$48.93 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$38.91 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
$37.39 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
note: public debt component of total: $20.6 billion (31 December 2009)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$59.49 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$49.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
$3.597 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
$3.432 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -
2.65 (2012 est.)
2.7541 (2011 est.)
2.8251 (2010 est.)
3.0115 (2009)
2.91 (2008)
Fiscal year:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
calendar year
Back to Top
Energy ::Peru
Electricity - production:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
38.7 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
Electricity - consumption:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
34.25 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
Electricity - exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0 kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
Electricity - imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
6 million kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
7.982 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
59% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
41% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 173
Crude oil - production:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
152,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
Crude oil - exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
18,880 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
Crude oil - imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
99,590 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Crude oil - proved reserves:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
586.1 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Refined petroleum products - production:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
173,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
172,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
Refined petroleum products - exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
60,720 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
Refined petroleum products - imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
38,390 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
Natural gas - production:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
31.12 billion cu m (2011)
country comparison to the world: 29
Natural gas - consumption:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
5.41 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
Natural gas - exports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
3.59 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
Natural gas - imports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
0 cu m (2011)
country comparison to the world: 115
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
352.8 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
41.88 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
Back to Top
Communications ::Peru
Telephones - main lines in use:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
3.688 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 43
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
32.461 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 33
Telephone system:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
general assessment: adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
domestic: fixed-line teledensity is only about 12 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)
Broadcast media:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state-owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010)
Internet country code:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
.pe
Internet hosts:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
234,102 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 70
Internet users:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
9.158 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 31
Back to Top
Transportation ::Peru
Airports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
191 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 32
Airports - with paved runways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 58
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 21
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 4 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 133
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 30
under 914 m: 83 (2012)
Heliports:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
4 (2012)
Pipelines:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
extra heavy crude 533 km; gas 1,526 km; liquid petroleum gas 679 km; oil 1,033 km; refined products 15 km (2010)
Railways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 1,906 km
country comparison to the world: 74
standard gauge: 1,772 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 134 km 0.914-m gauge (2010)
Roadways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 137,327 km
country comparison to the world: 34
note: includes 26,017 km of national roads, 28,843 km of departmental roads, and 82,467 km of local roads (2007)
Waterways:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
8,808 km (there are 8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 14
Merchant marine:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
total: 22
country comparison to the world: 92
by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 13
foreign-owned: 8 (Chile 6, Ecuador 1, Spain 1)
registered in other countries: 9 (Panama 9) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas; note - Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
oil terminals: Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal
Back to Top
Military ::Peru
Military branches:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP (includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard)), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2011)
Military service age and obligation:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)
Manpower available for military service:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
males age 16-49: 7,385,588
females age 16-49: 7,727,623 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
males age 16-49: 5,788,629
females age 16-49: 6,565,097 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
male: 304,094
female: 298,447 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
1% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 129
Back to Top
Transnational Issues ::Peru
Disputes - international:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
IDPs: 150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2007)
Illicit drugs:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption
Back to Top