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Turkmenistan
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Introduction ::Turkmenistan
Background:
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Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim crusaders, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times Merv (today known as Mary) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited, have begun to transform the country. Turkmenistan is moving to expand its extraction and delivery projects. The Government of Turkmenistan is actively working to diversify its gas export routes beyond the still important Russian pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy cabinet chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president; he was chosen as president again in February 2012, in an election that the OSCE said lacked the freedoms necessary to create a competitive environment.
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Geography ::Turkmenistan
Location:
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Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
Geographic coordinates:
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40 00 N, 60 00 E
Map references:
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Asia
Area:
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total: 488,100 sq km
country comparison to the world: 53
land: 469,930 sq km
water: 18,170 sq km
Area - comparative:
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slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
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total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Coastline:
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0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims:
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none (landlocked)
Climate:
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subtropical desert
Terrain:
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flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m
note: Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m
Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt
Land use:
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arable land: 3.89%
permanent crops: 0.12%
other: 95.98% (2011)
Irrigated land:
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19,910 sq km (2006)
Total renewable water resources:
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24.77 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 27.95 cu km/yr (3%/3%/94%)
per capita: 5,752 cu m/yr (2004)
Natural hazards:
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NA
Environment - current issues:
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contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
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landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau
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People and Society ::Turkmenistan
Nationality:
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noun: Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmen
Ethnic groups:
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Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)
Languages:
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Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Religions:
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Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%
Population:
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5,113,040 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118
Age structure:
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0-14 years: 26.7% (male 690,673/female 673,271)
15-24 years: 20.8% (male 535,131/female 528,473)
25-54 years: 41.8% (male 1,058,811/female 1,079,697)
55-64 years: 6.5% (male 157,474/female 176,088)
65 years and over: 4.2% (male 92,891/female 120,531) (2013 est.)
population pyramid:
Median age:
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total: 25.8 years
male: 25.4 years
female: 26.3 years (2012 est.)
Population growth rate:
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1.143% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
Birth rate:
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19.55 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
Death rate:
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6.21 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 158
Net migration rate:
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-1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
Urbanization:
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urban population: 50% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 2.2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major cities - population:
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ASHGABAT (capital) 637,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
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67 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 89
Infant mortality rate:
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total: 40.89 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 60
male: 48.77 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 32.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 68.84 years
country comparison to the world: 153
male: 65.87 years
female: 71.96 years (2012 est.)
Total fertility rate:
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2.12 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
Health expenditures:
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2.5% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 186
Physicians density:
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2.438 physicians/1,000 population (2007)
Hospital bed density:
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4 beds/1,000 population (2009)
Drinking water source:
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improved:
urban: 97% of population
rural: 72% of population
total: 83% of population
unimproved:
urban: 3% of population
rural: 28% of population
total: 17% of population (2000 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
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improved:
urban: 99% of population
rural: 97% of population
total: 98% of population
unimproved:
urban: 1% of population
rural: 3% of population
total: 2% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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fewer than 200 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 100 (2004 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
Education expenditures:
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NA
Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.8%
male: 99.3%
female: 98.3% (1999 est.)
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Government ::Turkmenistan
Country name:
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conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type:
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defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic; in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule, with power concentrated within the presidential administration
Capital:
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name: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)
geographic coordinates: 37 57 N, 58 23 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
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5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Independence:
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27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday:
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Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Constitution:
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adopted 26 September 2008
Legal system:
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civil law system with Islamic law influences
International law organization participation:
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has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term; election last held on 12 February 2012 (next to be held February 2017)
election results: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW reelected president; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 97.1%, Annageldi YAZMYRADOW 1.1%, other candidates 1.8%
Legislative branch:
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unicameral parliament known as the National Assembly (Mejlis) (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 14 December 2008 (next to be held in December 2013)
election results: 100% of elected officials are members of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan and are preapproved by the president
note: in 26 September 2008, a new constitution of Turkmenistan abolished a second, 2,507-member legislative body known as the People's Council and expanded the number of deputies in the National Assembly from 65 to 125; the powers formerly held by the People's Council were divided up between the president and the National Assembly
Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); High Commercial Court
Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, Chairman; Kasymguly BABAYEW, DPT Political Council First Secretary]; Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Orazmammet MAMMEDOW] (party registered 21 August 2012)
note: a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad; the three most prominent opposition groups-in-exile are the National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT), the Republican Party of Turkmenistan, and the Watan (Fatherland) Party; the NDMT was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 attack on President NYYAZOW's motorcade
Political pressure groups and leaders:
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none
International organization participation:
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ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Mered Bairamovich ORAZOW
chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 280-1003
Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Robert E. PATTERSON
embassy: No. 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 744000
mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070
telephone: [993] (12) 94-00-45
FAX: [993] (12) 94-26-14
Flag description:
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green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life
note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags
National symbol(s):
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Akhal-Teke horse
National anthem:
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name: "Garassyz, Bitarap Turkmenistanyn" (Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem)
lyrics/music: collective/Veli MUKHATOV
note: adopted 1997, lyrics revised 2008; following the death of the President Saparmurat NYYAZOW, the lyrics were altered to eliminate references to the former president
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Economy ::Turkmenistan
Economy - overview:
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Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and sizeable gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 8% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. Turkmenistan's authoritarian regime has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton export revenues to sustain its inefficient and highly corrupt economy. Privatization goals remain limited. From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-08, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. Additional pipelines to China, that began operation in early 2010, and increased pipeline capacity to Iran, have expanded Turkmenistan's export routes for its gas. Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of endemic corruption, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. The majority of Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets. The present government established a State Agency for Statistics, but GDP numbers and other publicized figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. Since his election, President BERDIMUHAMEDOW unified the country's dual currency exchange rate, ordered the redenomination of the manat, reduced state subsidies for gasoline, and initiated development of a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Although foreign investment is encouraged, and some improvements in macroeconomic policy have been made, numerous bureaucratic obstacles impede international business activity.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$47.55 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
$44.04 billion (2011 est.)
$38.41 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$33.47 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
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8% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
14.7% (2011 est.)
9.2% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$8,500 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
$8,000 (2011 est.)
$7,100 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 7.6%
industry: 24.4%
services: 68% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
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2.3 million (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 48.2%
industry: 14%
services: 37.8% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate:
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60% (2004 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198
Population below poverty line:
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30% (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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40.8 (1998)
country comparison to the world: 56
Investment (gross fixed):
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9.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
Budget:
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revenues: $26.4 billion
expenditures: $26.9 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
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78.9% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
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-1.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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10.5% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 202
12% (2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
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$828.8 million (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 152
$723.9 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
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$1.652 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
$1.41 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
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$3.895 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
$3.298 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$NA
Agriculture - products:
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cotton, grain, melons; livestock
Industries:
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natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
Industrial production growth rate:
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7.3% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
Current account balance:
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$1.496 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
$1.005 billion (2011 est.)
Exports:
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$16.16 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
$14.78 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
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gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber
Exports - partners:
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China 59.2%, Turkey 5%, Italy 4.7%, UAE 4.3% (2011)
Imports:
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$10.43 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
$9.604 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:
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Turkey 21%, Russia 14%, China 11.1%, UAE 7.9%, Germany 5.8% (2011)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$20.68 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
$19.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
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$429.1 million (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
$452.9 million (31 December 2011 est.)
Exchange rates:
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Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar -
2.85 (2012 est.)
2.85 (2011 est.)
2.85 (2010 est.)
2.85 (2009)
14,250 (2008)
Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Energy ::Turkmenistan
Electricity - production:
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15.02 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Electricity - consumption:
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11.22 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
Electricity - exports:
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1.568 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
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2.852 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
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100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 191
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 204
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Crude oil - production:
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222,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Crude oil - exports:
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67,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
Crude oil - imports:
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
Crude oil - proved reserves:
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600 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
Refined petroleum products - production:
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160,300 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
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145,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Refined petroleum products - exports:
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74,430 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Refined petroleum products - imports:
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2,542 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
Natural gas - production:
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59.5 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Natural gas - consumption:
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25 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
Natural gas - exports:
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34.5 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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24.3 trillion cu m (June 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
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62.05 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
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Communications ::Turkmenistan
Telephones - main lines in use:
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547,000 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 94
Telephones - mobile cellular:
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3.511 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 120
Telephone system:
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general assessment: telecommunications network remains underdeveloped and progress toward improvement is slow; strict government control and censorship inhibits liberalization and modernization
domestic: Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 80 per 100 persons; Russia's Mobile Telesystems, the only foreign mobile-cellular service provider in Turkmenistan, had its operating license suspended in December 2010 but was able to resume operations in September 2012
international: country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2012)
Broadcast media:
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broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes (2007)
Internet country code:
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.tm
Internet hosts:
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714 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 176
Internet users:
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80,400 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 166
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Transportation ::Turkmenistan
Airports:
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26 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 126
Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 21
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 4 (2012)
Heliports:
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1 (2012)
Pipelines:
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gas 7,352 km; oil 1,457 km (2010)
Railways:
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total: 2,980 km
country comparison to the world: 56
broad gauge: 2,980 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:
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total: 58,592 km
country comparison to the world: 73
paved: 47,577 km
unpaved: 11,015 km (2002)
Waterways:
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1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal are important inland waterways) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 55
Merchant marine:
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total: 11
country comparison to the world: 110
by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 1 (2010)
Ports and terminals:
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Turkmenbasy
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Military ::Turkmenistan
Military branches:
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Turkmen Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2013)
Military service age and obligation:
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18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2009)
Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 1,380,794
females age 16-49: 1,387,211 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 1,066,649
females age 16-49: 1,185,538 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
Field info displayed for all countries in alpha order.
male: 53,829
female: 52,988 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
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1.6% of GDP (2011)
country comparison to the world: 93
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Transnational Issues ::Turkmenistan
Disputes - international:
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cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed; bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian
Illicit drugs:
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transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan
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