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Uruguay
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Introduction ::Uruguay
Background:
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Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military stronghold, soon took advantage of its natural harbor to become an important commercial center. Claimed by Argentina but annexed by Brazil in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence four years later and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The administrations of President Jose BATLLE in the early 20th century established widespread political, social, and economic reforms that established a statist tradition. A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement named the Tupamaros, launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to cede control of the government to the military in 1973. By yearend, the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold over the government. Civilian rule was not restored until 1985. In 2004, the left-of-center Frente Amplio Coalition won national elections that effectively ended 170 years of political control previously held by the Colorado and Blanco parties. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.
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Geography ::Uruguay
Location:
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Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil
Geographic coordinates:
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33 00 S, 56 00 W
Map references:
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South America
Area:
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total: 176,215 sq km
country comparison to the world: 91
land: 175,015 sq km
water: 1,200 sq km
Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than the state of Washington
Land boundaries:
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total: 1,648 km
border countries: Argentina 580 km, Brazil 1,068 km
Coastline:
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660 km
Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or edge of continental margin
Climate:
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warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Terrain:
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mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Catedral 514 m
Natural resources:
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arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fish
Land use:
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arable land: 10.25%
permanent crops: 0.22%
other: 89.52% (2011)
Irrigated land:
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1,810 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
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139 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 3.66 cu km/yr (11%/2%/87%)
per capita: 1,101 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
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seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts
Environment - current issues:
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water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal
Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:
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second-smallest South American country (after Suriname); most of the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising
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People and Society ::Uruguay
Nationality:
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noun: Uruguayan(s)
adjective: Uruguayan
Ethnic groups:
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white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically nonexistent)
Languages:
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Spanish (official), Portunol, Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)
Religions:
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Roman Catholic 47.1%, non-Catholic Christians 11.1%, nondenominational 23.2%, Jewish 0.3%, atheist or agnostic 17.2%, other 1.1% (2006)
Demographic profile:
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Uruguay rates high for most development indicators and is known for its secularism, liberal social laws, and well-developed social security, health, and educational systems. It is one of the few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean where the entire population has access to clean water. Uruguay's provision of free primary through university education has contributed to the country's high levels of literacy and educational attainment. However, the emigration of human capital has diminished the state's return on its investment in education. Remittances from the roughly 18% of Uruguayans abroad amount to less than 1 percent of national GDP. The emigration of young adults and a low birth rate are causing Uruguay's population to age rapidly.
In the 1960s, Uruguayans for the first time emigrated en masse - primarily to Argentina and Brazil - because of economic decline and the onset of more than a decade of military dictatorship. Economic crises in the early 1980s and 2002 also triggered waves of emigration, but since 2002 more than 70% of Uruguayan emigrants have selected the US and Spain as destinations because of better job prospects. Uruguay had a tiny population upon its independence in 1828 and welcomed thousands of predominantly Italian and Spanish immigrants, but the country has not experienced large influxes of new arrivals since the aftermath of World War II. More recent immigrants include Peruvians and Arabs.
Population:
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3,324,460 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
Age structure:
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0-14 years: 21.4% (male 361,589/female 349,257)
15-24 years: 16% (male 269,649/female 262,582)
25-54 years: 38.8% (male 635,252/female 655,518)
55-64 years: 9.9% (male 155,192/female 174,976)
65 years and over: 13.9% (male 183,450/female 276,995) (2013 est.)
population pyramid:
Median age:
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total: 33.8 years
male: 32.2 years
female: 35.5 years (2012 est.)
Population growth rate:
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0.24% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
Birth rate:
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13.4 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
Death rate:
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9.55 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
Net migration rate:
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-1.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 158
Urbanization:
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urban population: 92% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 0.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major cities - population:
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MONTEVIDEO (capital) 1.633 million (2009)
Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
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29 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 124
Infant mortality rate:
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total: 9.44 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 148
male: 10.47 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 76.41 years
country comparison to the world: 74
male: 73.27 years
female: 79.66 years (2012 est.)
Total fertility rate:
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1.86 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
Health expenditures:
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8.4% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 54
Physicians density:
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3.736 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
Hospital bed density:
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1.2 beds/1,000 population (2010)
Sanitation facility access:
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improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 99% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 1% of population
total: 0% of population (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.5% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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9,900 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
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6% (2004)
country comparison to the world: 82
Education expenditures:
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2.9% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 144
Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 97.6%
female: 98.4% (2003 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 16 years
male: 14 years
female: 17 years (2008)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
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total: 20%
country comparison to the world: 59
male: 16.1%
female: 25.4% (2009)
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Government ::Uruguay
Country name:
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conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
conventional short form: Uruguay
local long form: Republica Oriental del Uruguay
local short form: Uruguay
former: Banda Oriental, Cisplatine Province
Government type:
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constitutional republic
Capital:
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name: Montevideo
geographic coordinates: 34 51 S, 56 10 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends second Sunday in March
Administrative divisions:
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19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres
Independence:
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25 August 1825 (from Brazil)
National holiday:
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Independence Day, 25 August (1825)
Constitution:
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27 November 1966; effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973; revised 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
Legal system:
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civil law system based on the Spanish civil code
International law organization participation:
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accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Jose "Pepe" MUJICA Cordano (since 1 March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Jose "Pepe" MUJICA Cordano (since 1 March 2010); Vice President Danilo ASTORI Saragoza (since 1 March 2010)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with parliamentary approval
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms (may not serve consecutive terms); election last held on 29 November 2009 (next to be held in October 2014)
election results: Jose "Pepe" MUJICA elected president; percent of vote - Jose "Pepe" MUJICA 54.8%, Luis Alberto LACALLE 45.2%
Legislative branch:
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bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (30 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; vice president has one vote in the Senate) and Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (99 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Senators - last held on 25 October 2009 (next to be held in October 2014); Chamber of Representatives - last held on 25 October 2009 (next to be held in October 2014)
election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Frente Amplio 16, Blanco 9, Colorado Party 5; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Frente Amplio 50, Blanco 30, Colorado Party 17, Independent Party 2
Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and elected for 10-year terms by the General Assembly)
Political parties and leaders:
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Broad Front (Frente Amplio) - formerly known as the Progressive Encounter/Broad Front Coalition or EP-FA [Monica XAVIER] (a broad governing coalition that includes Movement for Popular Participation or MPP, New Space Party (Nuevo Espacio) [Rafael MICHELINI], Progressive Alliance (Alianza Progresista) [Rodolfo NIN NOVOA], Socialist Party [vacant], Communist Party [Eduardo LORIER], Uruguayan Assembly (Asamblea Uruguay) [Danilo ASTORI], and Vertiente Artiguista [Enrique RUBIO]); Colorado Party (Vamos Uruguay) [Martha MONTANER]; Independent Party [Pablo MIERES]; National Party or Blanco [Luis Alberto HEBER]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Chamber of Commerce and Export of Agriproducts; Chamber of Industries (manufacturer's association); Exporters Union of Uruguay; National Chamber of Commerce and Services; PIT/CNT (powerful federation of Uruguayan Unions - umbrella labor organization); Rural Association of Uruguay (rancher's association); Uruguayan Network of Political Women
other: B'nai Brith; Catholic Church; students
International organization participation:
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CAN (associate), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos Alberto GIANELLI Derois
chancery: 1913 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 331-1313 through 1316
FAX: [1] (202) 331-8142
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas H. LLOYD
embassy: Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo 11200
mailing address: APO AA 34035
telephone: [598] (2) 1770-2000
FAX: [598] (2) 1770-2128
Flag description:
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nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil)
note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag
National symbol(s):
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Sun of May (a sun-with-face symbol)
National anthem:
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name: "Himno Nacional" (National Anthem of Uruguay)
lyrics/music: Francisco Esteban ACUNA de Figueroa/Francisco Jose DEBALI
note: adopted 1848; the anthem is also known as "Orientales, la Patria o la tumba!" ("Uruguayans, the Fatherland or Death!"); it is the world's longest national anthem in terms of music (105 bars; almost five minutes); generally only the first verse and chorus are sung
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Economy ::Uruguay
Economy - overview:
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Uruguay has a free market economy characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated work force, and high levels of social spending. Following financial difficulties in the late 1990s and early 2000s, economic growth for Uruguay averaged 8% annually during the period 2004-08. The 2008-09 global financial crisis put a brake on Uruguay's vigorous growth, which decelerated to 2.6% in 2009. Nevertheless, the country managed to avoid a recession and keep positive growth rates, mainly through higher public expenditure and investment, and GDP growth reached 8.9% in 2010 but fell to about 3.5% in 2012, the result of a renewed slowdown in the global economy and in Uruguay's main trade partners and Common Market of the South (Mercosur) counterparts, Argentina and Brazil. Uruguay has sought to expand trade within Mercosur and with non-Mercosur members. Uruguay's total merchandise trade with Mercosur since 2006 has increased by nearly 70% to more than $5 billion while its total trade with the world has almost doubled to roughly $20 billion.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$53.55 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
$51.74 billion (2011 est.)
$48.95 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$49.72 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
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3.5% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
5.7% (2011 est.)
8.9% (2010 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$15,800 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
$15,400 (2011 est.)
$14,600 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 9.1%
industry: 21.5%
services: 69.3% (2012 est.)
Labor force:
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1.691 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 128
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 13%
industry: 14%
services: 73% (2010 est.)
Unemployment rate:
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6.1% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
6% (2011 est.)
Population below poverty line:
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18.6% (2010 est.) (2010 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 34.4% (2010 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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45.3 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 40
44.8 (1999)
Investment (gross fixed):
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20% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Budget:
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revenues: $14.28 billion
expenditures: $15.07 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
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28.7% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
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-1.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
Public debt:
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57.2% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
58.3% of GDP (2011 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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8.1% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 181
8.1% (2011 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
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9% (31 December 2012)
country comparison to the world: 29
8.75% (31 December 2011)
note: Uruguay's central bank uses the benchmark interest rate, rather than the discount rate, to conduct monetary policy; the rates shown here are the benchmark rates
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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11% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
9.8% (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
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$5.143 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
$4.749 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of broad money:
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$16.97 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
$14.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
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$15.69 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
$14.79 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$231 million (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 112
$238 million (31 December 2010)
$219 million (31 December 2009)
Agriculture - products:
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soybeans, rice, wheat; beef, dairy products; fish; lumber, cellulose
Industries:
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food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, beverages
Industrial production growth rate:
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-1% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153
Current account balance:
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-$1.189 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
-$875.9 million (2011 est.)
Exports:
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$9.812 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
$9.341 billion (2011 est.)
Exports - commodities:
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beef, soybeans, cellulose, rice, wheat, wood, dairy products; wool
Exports - partners:
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Brazil 19.3%, China 14.2%, Argentina 6.8%, Germany 6%, Venezuela 4.3% (2011)
Imports:
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$10.97 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
$10.41 billion (2011 est.)
Imports - commodities:
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refined oil, crude oil, passenger and other transportation vehicles, vehicle parts, cellular phones
Imports - partners:
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Brazil 16.3%, China 15%, Argentina 13.4%, US 9.4%, Paraguay 7.1%, Venezuela 6.7% (2011)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$12.23 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
$10.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Debt - external:
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$15.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
$15.03 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$15.2 billion (31 December 2011)
country comparison to the world: 77
$14.8 billion (31 December 2010)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$345 million (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
$300 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Exchange rates:
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Uruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar -
20.63 (2012 est.)
19.314 (2011 est.)
20.059 (2010 est.)
22.568 (2009)
20.936 (2008)
Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Energy ::Uruguay
Electricity - production:
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9.5 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Electricity - consumption:
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7.96 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Electricity - exports:
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18.9 million kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Electricity - imports:
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470 million kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
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2.516 million kW (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
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38.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
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0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
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61.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
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0.4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
Crude oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 200
Crude oil - exports:
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199
Crude oil - imports:
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38,720 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
Crude oil - proved reserves:
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0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199
Refined petroleum products - production:
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43,370 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
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51,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
Refined petroleum products - exports:
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6,093 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Refined petroleum products - imports:
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22,060 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
Natural gas - production:
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0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
Natural gas - consumption:
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80 million cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199
Natural gas - imports:
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86.4 million cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
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7.265 million Mt (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112
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Communications ::Uruguay
Telephones - main lines in use:
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964,900 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 80
Telephones - mobile cellular:
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4.757 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 109
Telephone system:
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general assessment: fully digitalized
domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; nationwide microwave radio relay network; overall fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has reached 170 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 598; the UNISOR submarine cable system provides direct connectivity to Brazil and Argentina; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)
Broadcast media:
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mixture of privately owned and state-run broadcast media; more than 100 commercial radio stations and about 20 TV channels; cable TV is available; many community radio and TV stations; adopted the hybrid Japanese/Brazilian HDTV standard (ISDB-T) in December 2010 (2010)
Internet country code:
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.uy
Internet hosts:
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1.036 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 45
Internet users:
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1.405 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 86
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Transportation ::Uruguay
Airports:
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94 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 63
Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 11
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 2 (2012)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 83
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 27
under 914 m: 53 (2012)
Pipelines:
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gas 226 km; oil 155 km (2010)
Railways:
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total: 1,641 km
country comparison to the world: 77
standard gauge: 1,641 km 1.435-m gauge (1,200 km operational) (2010)
Roadways:
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total: 77,732 km
country comparison to the world: 61
paved: 7,743 km
unpaved: 69,989 km (2010)
Waterways:
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1,600 km (2011)
country comparison to the world: 50
Merchant marine:
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total: 16
country comparison to the world: 100
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 2, chemical tanker 3, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 8 (Argentina 1, Denmark 1, Greece 1, Spain 5)
registered in other countries: 1 (Liberia 1) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
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Montevideo
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Military ::Uruguay
Military branches:
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Uruguayan Armed Forces: Uruguayan National Army (Ejercito Nacional Uruguaya, ENU), Uruguayan National Navy (Armada Nacional del Uruguay; includes naval air arm, Naval Rifle Corps (Cuerpo de Fusileros Navales, Fusna), Maritime Prefecture in wartime), Uruguayan Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Uruguaya, FAU) (2012)
Military service age and obligation:
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18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; up to 40 years of age for specialists; enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies; minimum 6-year education (2009)
Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 771,159
females age 16-49: 780,932 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 649,025
females age 16-49: 654,903 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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male: 27,564
female: 26,811 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
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0.9% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 132
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Transnational Issues ::Uruguay
Disputes - international:
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in 2010, the ICJ ruled in favor of Uruguay's operation of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina; the two countries formed a joint pollution monitoring regime; uncontested boundary dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; smuggling of firearms and narcotics continues to be an issue along the Uruguay-Brazil border
Illicit drugs:
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small-scale transit country for drugs mainly bound for Europe, often through sea-borne containers; law enforcement corruption; money laundering because of strict banking secrecy laws; weak border control along Brazilian frontier; increasing consumption of cocaine base and synthetic drugs
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